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Le Violon

Le Ghetto

Le matin où nous avons été obligés de quitter notre maison, notre ferme et nos animaux, tout était silencieux à notre réveil. Nous avions cadenassé les portes et les fenêtres la veille au soir et Bobby, notre chien, dormait dehors. Mais ce matin-là, Bobby n’a pas aboyé et je ne l’ai jamais plus revu ni réentendu. Dès l’aube, les Allemands avaient cerné la maison et attendaient que nous nous levions. Lorsque boubè Frida est sortie, sa plus grande crainte s’est réalisée.

« Sortez de là, sales Juifs ! »

La police allemande se tenait dans la cour, nous menaçant de leurs fusils et criant des ordres en allemand. Ma boubè, qui parlait un peu cette langue, leur a demandé si je pouvais me rendre chez mon ami qui habitait à flanc de montagne pour lui dire au revoir. Curieusement, ils ont accepté. Ma boubè m’a ordonné à voix basse : « Reste là-haut. Ne reviens pas. » J’ai donc grimpé le chemin de montagne en courant pour aller faire mes adieux. Alors que je m’apprêtais à quitter Mecio, sa mère m’a déclaré qu’elle allait me raccompagner en bas et demander la permission de me garder avec elle et sa famille. La réponse des Allemands a été brève et nette : « Non. Fichez le camp. » À toute vitesse, ma boubè a rangé quelques-unes de ses robes dans une petite valise et nous avons été chassés de chez nous, obligés d’abandonner tous nos biens.

Les Allemands nous ont poussés vers la route et mon zeydè, qui avait veillé à emporter son livre de prières, s’est tout à coup aperçu qu’il avait oublié ses lunettes sur le rebord de la fenêtre. Il a fait quelques pas en direction de la maison pour aller les chercher ; mais un des Allemands lui a assené des coups de pied et il est tombé. Alors qu’il gisait sur le chemin de terre, un autre Allemand a tiré de toutes ses forces sur sa barbe. Mon grand-père, gémissant de douleur, était sur le point de s’évanouir. Avec un réel plaisir, m’a-t-il semblé, les policiers allemands ont continué à arracher la barbe de mon zeydè, poignée par poignée. Lorsqu’ils ont eu quasiment fini de lui arracher sa barbe, si longue et si belle, ils ont pris un couteau pour couper ce qu’il en restait. J’ai fermé les yeux et me suis cachée entre ma mère et ma boubè.

Souffrant de la faim et de la soif, totalement hébétés, nous avons reçu l’ordre de nous mettre en marche en direction de Kołomyja. Tenant à grand-peine sur nos jambes, nous sommes partis pour la ville et avons été rejoints en route par d’autres familles juives. Si quelqu’un sortait du rang ou essayait de s’enfuir, il était aussitôt abattu. Mes oncles se sont relayés pour me porter. À l’époque, nous avons vraiment eu le sentiment que c’était un miracle d’être tous arrivés vivants en ville. Nous y avons retrouvé des amis des alentours, ainsi que tante Mina et Luci. J’avais 6 ans.

Le ghetto de Kołomyja était situé au centre de l’agglomération, près du marché agricole où les paysans des villages environnants se rassemblaient régulièrement pour vendre leur marchandise. Cet espace et certaines maisons voisines étaient entourés d’un mur qui les séparait du reste de la ville. Les familles non juives qui habitaient dans la zone ainsi délimitée avaient été évacuées, recevant en échange les maisons, désormais libres, des Juifs vivant à l’extérieur du Ghetto. Les familles juives ayant toujours vécu dans l’enceinte du Ghetto ont été autorisées à rester chez elles mais ont dû partager leur logement avec les Juifs relocalisés. Armée de fusils, la Gestapo se tenait aux portes du Ghetto et surveillait les Juifs à l’intérieur. Nous avons été contraints de porter un brassard marqué de l’étoile de David. On nous a privés de nos chaussures et un couvre-feu strict a été instauré. Ceux qui y contrevenaient étaient abattus sur-le-champ. Pour la première fois de ma vie, j’ai réellement connu la peur.

The Violin

The Ghetto

On the morning we were forced to leave our home, our farm and our animals, we awoke to silence. We had locked the doors and windows securely the night before and Bobby, our dog, had been sleeping outside. But Bobby was not barking that morning – I never heard or saw him again. At the crack of dawn, the Germans had surrounded our house and were waiting for us to get up. When Bubbie Frida stepped outside, her greatest fear was realized. “Get out, you filthy Jews.”

German police stood in our yard, pointing guns at us and shouting in German. My bubbie, who knew a little German, asked if I could go up the mountain and say goodbye to my friend. Strangely, they agreed. My bubbie whispered to me, “Stay up there. Don’t come back.” So I ran up the mountain to say goodbye. When I was ready to leave Mecio, his mother told me she would come down with me and ask permission to keep me with her family. The answer she got from the Germans was short and to the point. “No. Get out of here.” Hurriedly, my bubbie put a few of her dresses into a small suitcase and we were chased out of our home, forced to leave everything else behind.

As they pushed us into the road, my zeyde, who had remembered to take his prayer book, realized he had forgotten his eyeglasses on the windowsill. He started back to the house to get them. One of the Germans kicked him and he fell to the ground. As he lay on the road, another German pulled as hard as he could at his beard. My zeyde, moaning in pain, began to lose consciousness. With what appeared to me to be enjoyment, the German police continued to pull at each strand of my zeyde’s beard. When they had pulled out almost all of his long beautiful beard, they cut with a knife what they could not pull out with their hands. I closed my eyes and hid myself between my mother and my bubbie.

Hungry, thirsty and stunned, we were ordered to walk in the direction of Kołomyja. As we stumbled toward the town, we were joined by other Jewish families. If anyone stepped out of line or tried to escape, they were immediately shot. My uncles took turns carrying me. At the time, it seemed a miracle that we all made it to Kołomyja alive. There, we were reunited with friends from the surrounding areas and with Aunt Mina and Luci. I was six years old.

The Kołomyja ghetto was located in the central part of the city, near the farmers’ market where peasants from the surrounding villages used to gather to sell their goods. This particular area and some of the nearby houses were ringed by a gate that separated it from the rest of the city. The non-Jewish families who lived there had been evacuated and given the vacated houses of Jews outside the ghetto walls. The Jewish families who lived inside the gated ghetto remained in their homes, but had to share them with Jews who were brought in from elsewhere.

Armed with rifles, the soldiers stood at the gateway, policing the Jews in the ghetto. We were forced to wear armbands with embroidered Stars of David on them. Our shoes were taken away and a strict curfew was imposed. Those who disobeyed were shot on the spot. For the first time in my life I knew what fear really was.

"You Are the Only Hope"

Chaos to Canvas

I remember my mother repeated to me many times, “Try to save yourself.” And then, “I don’t know how. I can’t help you, as I myself don’t know what to do. I know we are doomed to die. Try to walk away when you’re outside. If there is any opportunity you might have outside, just try to save yourself. Just be strong, my son, and take a chance, and God will be with you. If you won’t take this chance, you will not survive. Try, my son. I am helpless, but I know that you’re capable. You can do it. Just try. There is probably nobody left from our family except for us. If you follow me, it will be the end of our family. You are the only hope.”

My mother made me feel important. She made me feel like an adult, a person on whom you could depend, like a man and not a child. She continued talking quietly and constantly. She was sure that if I walked away, I would survive, and if I remained with her, I would die. She urged me to save myself and gave me the courage I needed to continue living. During the entire war, and throughout all the unimaginable hardships I endured, her words were my hope, my security and my strength to continue living. Her advice made me strive to save myself and gave me the inspiration that I needed.

Later, when I was alone in the woods, I used to talk to God. I screamed at him in my mind. When I was in a horrific situation and needed to express my pain, I appealed to God. I wanted him to help me when I needed help: when I was cold and hungry, when I was wet and living outside in the open during winter, when I was sick with a cold or a fever or when I was injured. Who was there for me to complain to? Most people have their mother, father, a member of their family or a friend. I had no one. I had only God. Sometimes I spoke loudly, hoping he would take notice. I would raise my voice as I would with my mother when I was angry. The difference was that my mother used to listen and help. God simply listened, but I felt that at least I had someone to cry to about my pitiful existence. I was extremely angry with God when I was wearing rags and was alone and starving in the cold. God is a witness to my suffering.

The next day, my mother and sister and I were forced to walk to an awaiting truck — like cattle being transported for slaughter. Not knowing where we were going, we were panicking. Hundreds of people and children were there, and the police were shouting and shooting. People were hysterical as they were falling over each other and were being separated from their families. We could not climb onto the trucks quickly enough, so we were violently pushed, kicked and beaten with clubs. I witnessed two policemen pick up a child by an arm and a leg as she struggled to climb onto the truck and throw her in like a bag of garbage.

I clearly remember Zonia’s arms around our mother. Then my mother pushed me away from boarding the truck and insisted, “Now is your chance to run.” I knew I could not run because if I did, I would be shot. But I stripped off my armband and began walking slowly toward the nearby bridge. The bridge over the Strypa, so familiar to me, split the city in half. It was not a large bridge, possibly fifty or sixty feet long. It was made out of wood and was only wide enough for people, horses and wagons to cross. I started to walk across and was approximately halfway when I saw an SS officer walking from the opposite side. Immediately, I froze and thought, What do I do now? Should I continue walking?

Surviving the Unbearable

My Heart Is at Ease

SS men shouted at us to line up, yelling, “Go! Go! Go!” to move us forward. There was a huge factory chimney releasing thick smoke into the air. Some of the female inmates told us that people were being gassed, sometimes just lightly, before being thrown into ovens. There were bodies burning day and night. A barbed wire fence charged with electricity surrounded the camp. Later, a few times, I saw women jumping to embrace the wires, wanting to end their misery. We were given summer clothing, each piece marked with a huge X on the back, socks and Dutch wooden shoes. It was October and the sky was grey, the wind strong; it was freezing cold. The inmates who were there already were unfriendly – I think they envied us arriving later than they had. The constant shouting of uniformed SS women accompanied by large dogs was terrifying. We knew we were facing a horrible fate. This was Birkenau, a death camp.

We were ordered to line up to be tattooed. On my inside left arm I was given the number A 27635. Less than a week later, we underwent one of the now well-known selections done by physicians like Dr. Mengele and Dr. König. I was very thin and undernourished and with one wave of the doctor’s hand, my mother and I were separated. I saw my mother’s desperate face trying to follow me, but she was pushed back. I was alone.

Like cattle we were pushed into trucks, hundreds of us heading to, I was sure, the gas chamber to end as dust in the chimney. They took us into a large room and told us to undress. It must have been late, as it was dark outside. Women started to scream hysterically that we were going to be gassed. We may have actually been in one of the delousing barracks, not the gas chambers at all, but I was in a daze and, as I remember it, I moved to a window. I looked around; no one was watching me. Everyone was in her own strange world of despair. I pushed my small head through an opening in the window, and then my shoulders and the rest of my body went through like butter. I didn’t hear or see any dogs. I jumped down and ran. I had nothing to lose. I knew I had to get into a barracks. I found one and tried to get onto a bunk but they were all filled. It was pitch dark. In the middle of the barracks was something like a huge steam boiler. I climbed up on it to sit down. It was quiet. Suddenly, I got a terrible toothache. Then something heavy and alive fell on me and jumped away – rats!

Life started at 5:00 a.m. in the camps and the next morning I heard shouts from the block elders, ordering us to get out and line up for the Appell, the head count. I had survived the night, but I knew I had to go out and line up. I remember standing in line, stiff, freezing, but don’t remember anything after that. I must have fainted.

I woke up on a top bunk in the hospital with another girl next to me. It was the least safe place to be because it was the first place they went to collect people to send to the gas chamber. But I was weak and couldn’t go anywhere. When my neighbour saw that I had opened my eyes, she said, “You have probably survived typhus.”

The New Normal

The Last Time

Above all, I remember feeling fearful. The police and gendarmes wore terrifying uniforms with rooster plumes in their hats. I would literally shiver when I saw them coming. We watched what we said and tried not to make our presence obvious. Still, how could we hide? The Hungarians, and later the Germans, did not need a reason to make trouble for Jews; our mere existence seemed to give them the justification to hurt and torture us.

We were humiliated and dehumanized each day. The Hungarian gendarmes followed Nazi orders, rampaging through our streets, picking up people and demanding our valuables. They built a torture chamber in what used to be a beer factory. They would grab Jewish men, take them to be tortured and force them to reveal where their possessions were hidden. One morning, they grabbed my father and tortured him.

The gendarmes came to our house and demanded our valuables. They pulled my mother’s wedding ring from her finger; she had been too proud to hide it. They also ruined a treasured gift that my sister and I had recently received. Our birthdays were in the same month, and in 1943 our parents had given us our first watches. When the guards banged on our door in the ghetto, we pulled off the lovely watches, smashed them hard and threw them into the fire. There was no way that I would give them up to the antisemites. After the war, my relatives gave me a photograph of us wearing the watches.

Our schooling had ended when the ghetto started. We were deprived of education, while our parents and all Jews were denied the right to run businesses and stores. I don’t know how we bought food – perhaps the grocery stores were able to sell whatever was left. My parents did not want to burden us with frightening details. My father was sensitive and cried all the time when he saw what was happening to us. He had no answer. Nobody did. It was a tragedy that we had not expected. But who could have known that despite our current conditions, worse things were still to come?

Vanished Boyhood

Life Changes Overnight

Some time near the end of May 1944, my father found a gentile man who was willing to sell us three documents – his son’s Christian birth certificate, school report card and Boy Scout membership card. The documents were appropriate for me because the boy was around my age. His name was József, or Józsi, a common name in Hungary, and his family name was Kovács, a typical Christian Hungarian name. So my new name was Józsi Kovács; I had to learn the name well and forget my real name. It took me days to learn my new name, where I was born and my new birthday. My father bought documents for my mother too, but she still didn’t want to escape without my sister.

Although my mother wouldn’t leave my sister, she was in favour of me escaping the ghetto. I think she could foresee the future and the danger of staying. I prepared a small suitcase of clothing and the next morning I said goodbye to my mother and kissed her. She was crying as I left the house to get the streetcar to Budapest. That was the last time I saw her.

That morning, my destination was not my school, as it had always been in the past, but an apartment in a small complex in Madách Square where Aunt Aranka, Uncle Frici and my cousins Vera and Tomàs were temporarily living with Frici’s brother. Their family had left Újpest right after the Germans arrived, which had been easier for my uncle because he was blond with blue eyes and didn’t look Jewish to the Germans. He could go outside without the yellow star and not worry too much about being caught.

I stayed with them for two or three weeks, talking about where to go and hide. By now, Polish Jews in Budapest who had escaped from other ghettos or camps were spreading the word of what was happening in the death camps in Poland and Austria. We all knew it was only a matter of time until the Nazis started to kill the Jews in Budapest, too. We discussed the possibility of escaping to the countryside to hide, but we knew that we could not all stay together. My aunt and uncle and Tomàs, who was only ten, had a place they could stay on a farm close to Budapest, but my cousin Vera, who was twelve, and I, now thirteen, had no place to go.

Une jeunesse perdue

La nouvelle réalité

Peu avant la fin mai 1944, mon père a trouvé un non-Juif qui était prêt à nous vendre trois documents : l’acte de naissance de son fils chrétien, un bulletin scolaire et une carte d’adhérent pour les boy-scouts. Ces documents me correspondaient tout à fait, car ce garçon avait à peu près mon âge. Il s’appelait József, ou Józsi, prénom commun en Hongrie, et son nom de famille était Kovács, patronyme typiquement chrétien. Je devais désormais devenir Józsi Kovács : il fallait que j’ancre ce nom dans ma mémoire et que j’oublie ma propre identité. Mais j’ai pris plusieurs jours pour y arriver, et il en a été de même avec le lieu où j’étais né et ma nouvelle date de naissance. Mon père a acheté des papiers pour ma mère aussi, mais elle ne voulait toujours pas fuir sans ma soeur.

Si réticente que soit ma mère à partir sans sa fille, elle était néanmoins favorable à ce que je m’échappe du Ghetto. Je crois qu’elle pressentait l’avenir, et le danger qu’il y avait à rester. J’ai préparé une petite valise de vêtements et le lendemain matin, j’ai embrassé ma mère pour lui faire mes adieux. Elle pleurait au moment où j’ai quitté la maison pour prendre le tramway pour Budapest. C’est la dernière fois que je l’ai vue.

Ce matin-là, je ne me suis pas rendu à l’école, contrairement à mes habitudes, mais à un appartement dans un petit complexe situé place Madách où tante Aranka, oncle Frici, mes cousins Vera et Tomàs habitaient temporairement chez le frère de Frici. Leur famille avait quitté Újpest juste après l’arrivée des Allemands, ce qui avait été plus facile pour mon oncle qui était blond aux yeux bleus et ne ressemblait pas à un Juif, selon les critères allemands. Il pouvait sortir dépourvu de son étoile jaune sans se soucier de se faire appréhender.

Je suis resté chez eux pendant deux ou trois semaines, à discuter d’abris possibles où nous serions en sécurité. À présent, les Juifs polonais échappés de camps ou de ghettos et qui vivaient à Budapest répandaient la rumeur de ce qui se passait dans les camps de la mort en Pologne et en Autriche. Nous savions tous que les nazis ne tarderaient pas à massacrer aussi les Juifs de Budapest. Nous avons envisagé de fuir à la campagne pour nous y cacher, mais nous savions que nous ne pourrions pas demeurer tous ensemble. Mon oncle, ma tante et Tomàs, qui n’avait que 10 ans, disposaient d’un endroit où habiter : il s’agissait d’une ferme, située non loin de Budapest. Cependant, ma cousine Vera, âgée de 12 ans, et moi-même, âgé de 13 ans, n’avions nulle part où aller.

The Shadows Behind Me

Occupation and Loss

Shortly after the war began, the Soviet government opened its borders and many Jewish people tried to save themselves by crossing into the Soviet Union. But a lot of Jews didn’t go. Some disliked the Communist regime and others didn’t want to leave their homes and everything else behind. Older Jews, who remembered how well the German soldiers who occupied Poland in World War I had treated them, couldn’t imagine the German evil that would emerge in World War II. And many Jews couldn’t go to the Soviet Union because they had large families with small children. In our family, my mother was ill with arthritis and there were seven children, the youngest only five years old. It was impossible for all of us to go to the Soviet Union. In early spring 1940, my good friends Leon Monderer and Jozef Szarp went to Lwów in Soviet-occupied Poland. They went through the open Soviet border and found freedom from Nazi oppression. After they had found jobs in Lwów, they got a chance to come back to Krakow for a few days to see their families and friends. Before they left Krakow to return to the Soviet-occupied area, Leon and Jozef came to my house and asked me to go with them. They told me that they had a good job for me and that I should seize this opportunity to save myself from the Nazis. I had an impossibly painful decision to make. Should I leave my dear family in such a terrible time? I couldn’t be of much help to them and I had the chance to be better off in Lwów with my friends. So I decided to be free and save myself. With pain in my heart, I decided to go.

My parents agreed with my decision; they wanted me to save myself from what was happening in Poland. My mother packed a suitcase for me with shirts, pants, socks and a jacket. I was ready to go. I said goodbye to my family and my parents pushed me to go with my friends, who were standing near the door. “I hope to see you soon,” I said to them, but then looked back and saw my whole family holding onto one another. My younger sisters were crying. It was such a distressing image that I couldn’t leave. I put down my suitcase and told my friends to go without me. “I hope someday we will see each other as free people,” I said, “but I will not leave my family.”

Leon and Jozef were sorry to hear my decision, but they understood my feelings. We all said goodbye and hoped to see one another after the war. It was difficult for me to say goodbye to my best friends because I couldn’t shake the feeling that I would never see them again. But if I had gone with my friends, I would never have forgiven myself. I was so glad that I decided to stay with my family. I knew then that I could never leave my family behind and that I didn’t care what happened as long as I was with my loved ones. It was the only way. I was only sorry that I couldn’t be more helpful to them.

I still think about that time when I could have gone to the Soviet Union to save my life and escape the Germans. In Krakow, we were hunted by the Nazis as animals are hunted in the jungle. We suffered from hunger, terror and humiliation. It was exhausting to get through each day and it was unbearable to watch my family suffering. Not being able to help them made me feel helpless, angry and miserable. If only my family could have gone to the Soviet Union.

Les Ombres du passé

Trouver un lieu sûr

Peu après le début de la guerre, le gouvernement soviétique a ouvert ses frontières et de nombreux Juifs sont passés en Union soviétique pour échapper aux nazis. Mais beaucoup sont aussi restés sur place. Certains refusaient d’aller vivre dans un pays communiste et d’autres ne voulaient pas quitter leur maison et leurs biens durement acquis. Les anciens, qui se souvenaient de la politesse de l’occupant allemand pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, ne pouvaient imaginer les crimes dont ces soldats allaient se rendre coupables. Et beaucoup de Juifs n’avaient pas les moyens de partir car ils avaient des familles nombreuses avec des enfants en bas âge. C’était le cas de mes parents, avec sept enfants à charge, dont une fillette de cinq ans. Pour compliquer la situation, ma mère souffrait d’arthrite. Il nous était impossible de nous rendre tous en Union soviétique. Au début du printemps 1940, mes bons amis Leon Monderer et Jozef Szarp sont allés à Lwów, en Pologne sous occupation soviétique.

Ils ont passé la frontière soviétique alors ouverte et ont été libérés du joug nazi. Après avoir trouvé du travail à Lwów, ils ont pris le risque de revenir à Cracovie quelques jours pour revoir leurs familles et leurs amis. Avant de retourner en zone d’occupation soviétique, Leon et Jozef m’ont rendu visite et m’ont demandé de les accompagner. Ils m’ont affirmé qu’ils avaient un bon travail pour moi et que je devrais saisir l’occasion d’échapper à l’oppression nazie. Quel tourment que cette décision ! Pouvais-je quitter ma chère famille à un moment aussi critique ? Mais je ne leur étais pas d’une grande utilité à Cracovie et j’avais la possibilité de bien m’en sortir à Lwów avec mes amis. J’ai décidé d’opter pour ma liberté. Le coeur gros, j’ai choisi de partir.

Mes parents n’ont pas remis en question ma décision ; ils voulaient que j’échappe à ce qui se passait en Pologne. Ma mère m’a préparé une valise avec des chemises, des pantalons, des chaussettes et une veste. J’étais prêt à partir. J’ai d’abord dit au revoir aux miens puis mes parents m’ont poussé vers mes amis qui attendaient près de la porte. « J’espère vous revoir bientôt », ai-je murmuré avec émotion à mes parents. Mais ensuite, je me suis retourné et j’ai vu tous les membres de ma famille côte à côte. Mes soeurs cadettes pleuraient. Cette image a été si pénible que je n’ai pas pu partir. J’ai posé ma valise par terre et j’ai dit à mes amis de s’en aller sans moi. Je leur ai déclaré : « J’espère qu’un jour nous nous retrouverons libres, mais je ne quitterai pas ma famille. »

Leon et Jozef ont été déçus, mais ils ont compris ce que je ressentais. Nous nous sommes dit au revoir et avons exprimé le souhait de nous revoir après la guerre. J’ai eu du mal à quitter mes meilleurs amis, parce que je ne pouvais m’empêcher de penser que nous ne nous reverrions jamais. Mais si j’étais parti avec eux, je ne me le serais jamais pardonné. J’étais très heureux d’avoir décidé de demeurer avec les miens. J’ai su alors que je ne les quitterais jamais et que nous ferions face ensemble aux épreuves à venir, quelles qu’elles soient. C’était là mon point de vue, le seul possible pour moi. Je regrettais seulement de ne pas être d’une plus grande utilité pour ma famille.

Je pense encore à l’époque où j’aurais pu me rendre en Union soviétique pour sauver ma vie et échapper aux Allemands. À Cracovie, nous étions pourchassés par les nazis comme des animaux dans la jungle. Nous subissions la faim, la terreur et l’humiliation. Chaque journée était une épreuve et je ne supportais pas de voir ma famille souffrir. Je me sentais impuissant, en colère et malheureux de ne pas pouvoir les aider. Si seulement nous avions tous pu fuir en Union soviétique !

Album of My Life

When it All Changed

A week of uncertainty ended when German troops marched into Lodz on Friday, September 8, 1939. It was a warm, sunny day and I walked toward Plac Wolności to watch the arrival of the occupiers. They came on foot and in trucks, looking immaculate in their uniforms, boots shining. Many of them carried flowers from the German population of the city. City Hall and other buildings were decked out with huge flags with swastikas. In other words, the city rolled out the red carpet to welcome the invaders, whom some regarded as liberators. The large German population of the city opened their arms for their brethren, even though the community had lived in Poland for generations. There weren’t many sad faces in the throngs, and there were fewer Jews.

Signs of things to come appeared almost immediately. I witnessed a soldier pulling an elderly Jewish man’s beard and kicking him to the ground because he wasn’t working fast enough to fill the trenches that had been dug only a few days before to stop the German tanks. I remember how enthusiastic and patriotic we had felt when we dug those trenches.

At the end of September, after weeks of siege and relentless bombing, Warsaw capitulated and the triumphant German army occupied the city on October 1, 1939. In the conquered capital city, burned out, demolished buildings bore witness to the results of modern warfare. A beautiful, cultural city was reduced to rubble. Most of Warsaw’s defenders were dead, and while the valiant survivors could resist no longer they were still full of spirit.

My sister’s store faced the Zielong Rynek, the Green Market. On one Sunday soon after the Germans arrived, the stalls in the market were closed and some boys were playing soccer there when a truckwith German soldiers went by. They stopped and joined the boys in the game, which frightened everybody. Another time, when I took my niece for a stroll in the park – this was before the harsh laws banning us from parks were passed – an older soldier next to me started playing with Miriam. With tears in his eyes, he told me that he had left a baby the same age back in Germany. I don’t remember any other demonstrations of kindness. Maybe the same soldier would think nothing of bashing a Jewish baby’s head against a wall to kill it. These examples are just too minor when you consider what was about to happen to us.

...

Before long, all kinds of decrees and restrictions started appearing, each one more dehumanizing than the last. There were so many of them that it’s hard to remember them all, although a few stand out in my memory. No Jews were allowed to attend school or institutes of higher learning, regardless of age, which brought my formal education to an end at fourteen. We were banned from using public transportation and from entering any park, theatre or cinema. A curfew was imposed from seven at night until seven in the morning. We had to get off the sidewalk when a German soldier approached. Most shameful of all, we had to wear an armband as a sign of our Jewish identity on our sleeves. Disobeying this rule was punishable by death.

L’Album de ma vie

Quand ma vie a basculé

Les troupes allemandes sont entrées dans Łódź le vendredi 8 septembre 1939. C’était un bel après-midi ensoleillé et je me suis dirigée vers la place Wolności pour voir arriver les occupants. Ils sont arrivés à pied et en camions, impeccables dans leurs uniformes et leurs bottes bien astiquées. Plusieurs d’entre eux portaient des fleurs offertes par la population allemande de la ville. L’hôtel de ville et d’autres édifices étaient pavoisés d’immenses drapeaux arborant des croix gammées. Autrement dit, la ville déroulait le tapis rouge pour accueillir les envahisseurs que certains considéraient comme des libérateurs. L’importante population allemande de la ville ouvrait les bras à ses compatriotes et ce, même si la communauté était installée en Pologne depuis des générations. On ne voyait pas beaucoup de visages tristes dans la foule et les Juifs se faisaient rares.

Les signes avant-coureurs de ce qui allait se passer sont apparus presque immédiatement. J’ai vu de mes yeux un soldat tirer un vieillard juif par la barbe et le jeter à terre à coups de pied parce qu’il ne remplissait pas assez vite les tranchées creusées quelques jours auparavant pour arrêter les chars d’assaut allemands. Je me souviens comme nous nous étions sentis enthousiastes et patriotes en les creusant.

Varsovie a capitulé vers la fin du mois de septembre, après des semaines de siège et de bombardements continus, et l’armée allemande victorieuse a occupé la ville le 1ᵉʳ octobre 1939. Dans la capitale conquise, des immeubles incendiés et détruits montraient les ravages causés par l’armement moderne. Cette belle ville qui avait été un foyer culturel important a été réduite en cendres. Presque tous les défenseurs de Varsovie étaient morts et même s’ils ne pouvaient résister plus longtemps, les courageux survivants gardaient le moral.

Le magasin de ma sœur était situé en face du Zielony Rynek, le « marché vert ». Un dimanche, peu de temps après l’arrivée des Allemands, alors que les échoppes du marché étaient fermées et que quelques gamins jouaient au football, un camion de soldats allemands est arrivé. Il s’est arrêté et les soldats ont commencé à jouer avec les garçons, ce qui a terrifié tout le monde. Une autre fois, avant l’adoption des lois impitoyables nous interdisant l’accès aux parcs, je me promenais dans le parc avec ma nièce quand un soldat un peu plus âgé s’est mis à jouer avec Miriam. Les larmes aux yeux, il m’a confié qu’il avait laissé un bébé du même âge en Allemagne. Je ne me souviens pas d’avoir été témoin d’autres manifestations de gentillesse. Ce même soldat n’aurait peut-être pas hésité à tuer un bébé juif en lui fracassant la tête contre un mur. Ces exemples sont tout simplement trop insignifiants quand on pense à ce qui allait nous arriver.

À peine entrés dans Łódź, les Allemands ont aussitôt dynamité le monument du héros polonais Tadeusz Kościuszko au centre de la place Wolności. Je me souviens de l’avoir vu gisant par terre un jour où je me promenais. La tête était séparée du torse. Un soldat allemand triomphateur se faisait photographier, un bras autour de sa petite amie, un pied sur la tête de Kościuszko.

Peu de temps après, toutes sortes de restrictions et de décrets sont entrés en vigueur, tous plus déshumanisants les uns que les autres. Il y en avait tant qu’il est difficile de se les rappeler tous, mais certains me sont restés en mémoire. Les Juifs, quel que soit leur âge, n’avaient plus le droit de fréquenter des écoles ou des instituts d’études supérieures et c’est ainsi que mes études ont pris fin quand j’avais 14 ans. Il nous était interdit d’utiliser les transports en commun et d’entrer dans un parc, un théâtre ou un cinéma. Un couvre-feu était imposé de 19 heures à 7 heures. Nous devions changer de trottoir à l’approche d’un soldat allemand. Le comble de l’humiliation, c’était que nous devions porter un brassard comme signe de notre identité juive. Désobéir à ce règlement était passible de la peine de mort.

Souvenirs de l’abîme/Le Bonheur de l’innocence

Survivre en clandestinité

Les gens mouraient comme des mouches autour de nous, que ce soit durant les Aktionen quotidiennes ou lors des exécutions en masse perpétrées au cimetière juif, après que les victimes avaient été forcées d’y creuser leur propre tombe. D’autres étaient emmenés en charrettes vers les trains à destination du camp de la mort de Bełzec. Et certains mouraient des suites de maladies, principalement du typhus, en raison des conditions d’hygiène abominables. Puis, évidemment, il y avait la faim. Les corps gisants dans la rue étaient chose courante, malgré le passage régulier de charrettes destinées à les ramasser.

La liquidation du ghetto de Stanisławów était imminente. De fait, à la fin du mois de février 1943, les Allemands l’ont déclaré « judenrein », nettoyé des Juifs.

Mais avant ce moment fatidique, avant qu’il ne soit trop tard, ma mère avait senti qu’il fallait faire quelque chose. En décembre 1942, elle avait perdu presque tous les membres de sa famille et son bébé lui semblait plus triste et plus maigre de jour en jour. J’avais près de 2 ans, mais je ne marchais pas encore. Je parlais à peine. Par un matin froid et couvert, elle m’a prise avec elle, nous a emmitouflées étroitement dans un édredon et s’est approchée de la Schleuse (porte) principale du Ghetto, où son cousin Jakob Mandel était de service. Cet homme solide et trapu avait fait des affaires avec les Allemands avant la guerre, mais bien que ses loyaux services lui aient valu une place d’autorité dans la communauté, il a tout de même été exécuté plus tard par les nazis. Ce jour-là, les deux cousins ont échangé un regard furtif, puis Mandel s’est retourné, permettant ainsi à ma mère de passer derrière son large dos avec son précieux paquet.

Une fois sortie du Ghetto, ma mère a retiré son brassard bleu et blanc portant l’étoile de David et s’est mise à courir dans la rue pavée, s’attendant à tout moment à recevoir une balle dans le dos. À cette époque, j’avais appris à me tenir tranquille, et être si près de ma mère suffisait à me rendre heureuse. Nous nous sommes réfugiées sur le seuil de l’appartement d’une ancienne voisine qui, craignant sans doute pour sa vie, nous a vite tirées vers l’intérieur. Cette nuit-là, j’ai dormi dans le lit de Pani (Mᵐᵉ) Poliszowa, blottie entre elle et ma mère.

Mon bonheur a été de courte durée. Dès le lendemain, ma mère m’a confiée à une ancienne domestique de son frère, Józia, qui m’a emmenée chez sa soeur Marynia à Pozniki, un village voisin. Cette veuve et ses deux petits garçons de 3 et 6 ans ont été ma nouvelle famille durant 18 mois. Avec mes cheveux blonds, mes yeux bleus et mon petit nez, je passais facilement pour la petite soeur. Ayant souffert de malnutrition et de nombreuses maladies infantiles, j’ai tout de même mis un certain temps à jouir d’une bonne santé.

But I Had a Happy Childhood

Hiding and Surviving

People were dying like flies in the ghetto, not only in the daily Aktionen but also in mass executions at the Jewish cemetery, where the victims had to dig their own graves before being shot. Others were taken away in carts to trains bound for the death camp at Belzec. There were also those who died from disease, primarily typhus, due to the complete lack of sanitation. And then, of course, there was always starvation. Bodies in the streets became a regular fact of life, even though carts came around to remove them.

The liquidation of the ghetto was imminent. By the end of February, the Stanisławów ghetto was declared judenrein, cleansed of Jews.

Prior to that fateful time, however, my mother had sensed that she had to do something before it was too late. By December 1942, she had lost most of her family and her baby looked sadder and thinner every day. I was almost two and I couldn’t walk yet. I barely talked. One cold overcast morning, she wrapped a comforter tightly around the two of us and approached the main Schleuse, or gate to the ghetto, where she saw her cousin Jakob Mandel in charge. He was a tough, stocky man who had had business dealings with the Germans before the war. His position of authority was a reward for loyal service. Later he too was executed by the Nazis. On this particular occasion, there was a quick exchange as the eyes of the cousins met before he turned away, allowing my mother and her precious bundle to slip behind his broad back.

Once outside the ghetto walls, my mother ripped off her blue-and-white Star of David armband and ran down the cobblestone street, fully expecting a bullet in the back. By this time I was well trained to be quiet. Just being so close to my mother was enough to make me happy. We reached the safety of the apartment of a former neighbour, who pulled us in quickly, no doubt fearing for her life. That night I was nestled in between my mother and Pani (Mrs.) Poliszowa on her bed.

My happiness didn’t last long. The next day, my mother handed me over to Józia, who had been a maid in her brother’s house, to take me to her widowed sister in Pozniki, a neighbouring village. Marynia and her two young sons were my new family for the next eighteen months. With my blond hair, blue eyes and button nose, I fit in easily as the baby sister. Suffering from malnutrition and one childhood illness after another, it took a while for me to become a healthy normal toddler.

If Only It Were Fiction

Elsa Joins the Resistance

In the middle of the summer of 1942, we were coming in from the fields one day when someone said that Leah wanted to see me. She was in the kitchen with another woman, chatting. Leah introduced her to me as Irena Adamowicz. Irena was a leader in the Polish scouting organization. Outraged by the injustice done to the Jews, she helped out however she could. Irena travelled across the country, making contact with chalutzim in the major ghettos and telling them about how the underground resistance operated. Although travel was dangerous for Jews, a few chalutzot, like Lonka who had come to the farm earlier, successfully fulfilled their mission as messengers too. The messengers were purchasing weapons, which then were smuggled into the ghettos through the sewers. Most people in the ghettos couldn’t communicate with others about what to do in case of a massacre but through Irena, they knew how the others were preparing for such a time.

Irena talked to me for a while. She told me that I was being sent to Krakow. She asked how I felt about resistance work and whether or not I knew Christian prayers. I told her I knew many of them by heart after so many years of hearing Catholic students saying the prayers every morning at school. She seemed satisfied with my answers. Irena gave me the address of a convent and told me to send a letter to the Mother Superior on the seventh day of every month as a sign that I was still alive. Whenever the underground needed me, they would let me know. She handed me a prayer book and said only, “Be careful and good luck.” That was the only advice I was to receive. The rest of my training would come from real-life situations. I would have to trust my intuition to keep me out of danger, just as animals do. They don’t think about it, they simply know when danger is near.

The next day, the resistance had organized for Hela and I to go to the village to have pictures taken for our identification documents. Dvora lent me a pretty blouse and combed my hair, so I would look my best. We walked through the village, afraid that someone would recognize us as Jews. The photographer took me by surprise when he asked me my surname. In shock, I didn’t think but just said the first name that came to my mind, a surname connected to the aristocracy. That name, Elżbieta Orlanska, was the one that was used in my forged documents. This was a stroke of luck because later it was useful in getting other documents required by the German authorities.

A few days later, with a forged document that stated that I was from Rzeszów and a letter from Leah for Laban, the leader of the resistance movement in the Krakow ghetto, I was sent to Krakow on the morning train. Hela was sent to another city in the afternoon.

After the war, I discovered that the rest of my group back on the farm in Czerniaków were sent to the Warsaw ghetto about four months after I left for Krakow. In April 1943, when an order came from the Nazis to concentrate all Jews in the ghetto for a massive deportation, some of the group, who were living at 18 Mila Street and belonged to the underground Jewish Fighting Organization, rebelled. Others simply dispersed. Most of them did not survive.

To my friends from Czerniaków who were killed while taking part in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, as well as to those on missions who were caught outside the ghetto, dragged to the Umschlagplatz – the assembly point inside the Warsaw ghetto – and killed indiscriminately, I offer my eternal homage.

Que renaisse demain

Elsa entre en Résistance

Au milieu de l’été 1942, nous revenions des champs un jour lorsque quelqu’un m’a dit que Leah demandait à me voir. Je l’ai donc rejointe aux cuisines, où elle bavardait avec une femme. Il s’agissait d’Irena Adamowicz, l’une des dirigeantes du mouvement scout polonais. Indignée par les injustices commises envers les Juifs, elle faisait son possible pour aider. Elle parcourait le pays, établissant des contacts avec les ẖaloutzim dans les grands ghettos, les informant du travail de la Résistance. Bien qu’il ait été dangereux pour les Juifs de se déplacer, quelques aloutzot – comme Lonka, qui était passée à la ferme auparavant – parvenaient également à mener à bien leurs missions de messagères. Ces agents et agentes de liaison achetaient des armes qui étaient ensuite introduites dans les ghettos par les égouts. Il était très difficile de communiquer d’un ghetto à l’autre, pour discuter notamment des actions à prendre en cas de massacre, mais grâce à Irena, on savait comment les autres se préparaient.

Irena s’est entretenue avec moi un moment pour m’annoncer qu’on m’envoyait à Cracovie. Après m’avoir demandé ce que je pensais de la Résistance, elle a voulu savoir si je connaissais des prières chrétiennes. Je lui ai répondu que j’en avais appris beaucoup par coeur, car à l’école catholique que j’avais fréquentée durant des années, les élèves récitaient leurs prières tous les matins. Irena semblait satisfaite de mes réponses. Elle m’a ensuite donné l’adresse d’un couvent où je devais envoyer une lettre à la mère supérieure le septième jour de chaque mois pour faire savoir que j’étais toujours en vie. Toutes les fois que la Résistance aurait besoin de moi, on me ferait signe. Elle m’a également remis un livre de prières en disant simplement : « Sois prudente et bonne chance. » C’est le seul conseil que je recevrais. Le reste de ma formation, je l’acquerrais par moi-même sur le terrain. Je devais m’en remettre à ma seule intuition pour me sortir de situations dangereuses, tout comme le font les animaux ; ils ne réfléchissent pas au danger, ils le sentent proche et tâchent de l’éviter.

Le lendemain, des membres de la Résistance se sont organisés pour que Hela et moi nous rendions au village afin de nous faire photographier en vue de la préparation de nos papiers d’identité. Dvora m’avait prêté une jolie blouse et m’avait coiffée pour l’occasion. En traversant le village, Hela et moi craignions à tout moment qu’on nous reconnaisse comme Juives. Puis le photographe m’a surprise en me demandant mon nom de famille. Prise de court, j’ai lancé le premier nom qui m’est venu à l’idée : Elżbieta Orlanska. Et c’est ce nom à consonance aristocratique qui est apparu sur mes faux papiers. C’était un coup de chance, car il m’a été très utile par la suite pour obtenir d’autres documents requis par les autorités allemandes.

Quelques jours plus tard, j’ai pris le premier train à destination de Cracovie, munie d’un faux document stipulant que je venais de Rzeszów, ainsi qu’une lettre de Leah adressée à Laban (Abraham « Laban » Leibowicz), le chef de la Résistance du ghetto de Cracovie. Hela a été envoyée dans une autre ville l’après-midi même.

J’ai appris après la guerre que tous les membres de notre groupe restés à la ferme à Czerniaków avaient été envoyés au ghetto de Varsovie environ quatre mois après mon départ pour Cracovie. En avril 1943, quand les nazis ont donné l’ordre de rassembler tous les Juifs du Ghetto en vue d’une déportation massive, certains membres du groupe, qui habitaient au 18 rue Mila et appartenaient à l’Organisation juive de combat se sont rebellés. D’autres se sont simplement dispersés. La plupart d’entre eux n’ont pas survécu.

À mes amis de Czerniaków tombés au combat lors de l’insurrection du ghetto de Varsovie et à ceux qui ont été pris en mission hors de l’enceinte, emmenés à la Umschlagplatz – le lieu de rassemblement à l’intérieur du ghetto de Varsovie – puis tués sans pitié, je rends un hommage éternel.

From Generation to Generation

Survival in the Mountains

October 26, 1944, was a cool, rainy day in Kľačany. I was playing with my skipping rope when all of a sudden I heard my stepmother screaming that we had to run. We could hear bombs exploding in the distance. I panicked; everybody around me, including villagers with their cattle, began running to the forest. Instead of going inside for my warm coat, I grabbed only Ivan’s hand. My stepmother and step­-grandmother followed and we ran deep into the forest.

We met Slovak partisans in the forest who told us that the vil­lagers could return home, but that the Jews should stay. The parti­sans forced open a cottage and told the women and children to go in. We were wet, tired, hungry and pressed together like sardines. I fell asleep and had a dream in which I saved our family. I dreamt about my little green room in Bardejov, where it was nice and warm. I wanted to go into my room through a cold corridor when somebody grabbed my shoulder. It was a woman dressed like a nun and she told me not to go into my warm room, but to stay in the cold corridor. I asked, “Who are you to tell me such nonsense?” She replied, “I am your mother and I am watching over you.” I opened my eyes and felt my stepmother’s hands shaking my shoulder. She was shouting at me, “Wake up! It’s already dark outside. Grandmother wants to go back into the village and we have to join the other people who are going back.” I told her about my dream. A lady by the name of Mrs. Erdelyi was listening and said, “Sarolta, it is an omen. Don’t go back. We are staying too — let’s all stay until the morning.” My stepgrandmother was furious, calling my dream ridiculous. “Instead of going to my bed,” she argued, “I have to stay in this horrible place?”

We later heard that some of the Jews who had returned to Kľačany had been shot by the German soldiers who were guarding the entry into the valley. If not for my dream, we would all have died. My step­mother was very grateful for my dream and told everybody after the war about this story. For me, this incident confirmed for me what I had always known — that my darling mother was, is and always will be watching over me.

It turned out that my father had foreseen difficulties ahead. During one of his visits from Bardejov, he told me and Ivanko a huge secret. He had brought four brushes for clothes-cleaning with him, and embedded inside the brushes were plates of twenty-four-carat dental gold. Should it become necessary, we were to use the gold to save our lives. Fortunately, my stepmother had taken them with her when we escaped into the forest.

The morning after my dream, we were woken up by a very loud explosion. The partisans advised us to run even deeper into the forest because the German soldiers were getting closer. The villagers had already built several underground bunkers to sell to the Jewish refu­gees. My stepmother gave the first brush filled with gold as payment for our family to have accommodations in one of the bunkers. Several other Jewish families — including four members of the Svarin family, the five Landesmanns, the five Lippas, the five Erdelyis, and some other families — shared our bunker.

A total of twenty-nine people were crammed into a very small space. The bunker was camouflaged into the terrain so as not to be visible from the outside. It was approximately three metres by five metres. It had hardly any ventilation, just a small door that could be opened to get in and out. We slept on wooden bunk beds squeezed tightly together. We had no food supply. The first three days, when we had no food at all, Ivanko found a piece of bacon skin that had probably been thrown out by forest labourers. He and I chewed on it for two days. We melted snow for water, so at least we weren’t thirsty. After three days, we found horses frozen in the forest. The partisans had brought the horses with them from the uprising, but since they couldn’t feed them, they left them to freeze to death. Horsemeat was a huge luxury. Villagers often brought potatoes to the bunkers — which they sold to us at a very high price — and they also brought us a steel kettle so that we could cook inside the bunker on an open fire, which was also our only source of heat. Women cooked on the open fire once a day and everybody got a small portion of the food.

Not far from us was a larger bunker that was the headquarters of the partisan military unit. A doctor from the partisan headquarters warned us of the danger of a typhus outbreak and, therefore, to not use unclean melted snow for drinking water. We went out to look around and found several other bunkers containing Jews scattered around the forest within approximately fifteen minutes walking dis­tance from each other. After a few days of confusion, rules had to be established for the cohabitation of so many people, and a leader, Frankl from Prešov, was chosen to represent all the Jews. A number of rules were set, including one that three times a day we had to bring water for cooking and drinking from a creek fifteen minutes away.

Because we didn’t have our father with us, all this work was piled up on me. My stepmother, who was thirty-eight at the time, declared that she and her mother were too old to do such hard work. Ivanko was only ten, so it was left to me, at fourteen, to go with the rest of the men from the bunker to bring water and wood for cooking and heating.

We were still able to maintain contact with the villagers and they would let us know whenever the Germans pulled out of the village for a few days. This gave us an opportunity to bring some bread, potatoes and apples from the village. It was my responsibility to go with the men on this three-hour walk to the village. I continued to do this throughout the bitterly cold winter from October to March. I also had to carry the very heavy load of food to the bunker on my back. My stepmother never offered to go in my place. When the people from the bunker said to her, “You should go instead of this child,” her excuse was that if the Germans caught her, her dark colouring made it more likely that they would suspect that she was Jewish.

During my first expedition, I went to our previous apartment to bring back a goose-feather duvet to help ease the frigid temperatures at night. My family was delighted that I had brought it back, but I never got to enjoy it. They covered themselves, not leaving enough of the duvet for me. I cried, asking my own mother to save me. The other people in our bunker were outraged at my stepmother’s behav­iour, and promised me that if we survived the war, they would tell my father what happened.

Every day we suffered from lice, hunger and cold. One day, as usual, I went with the men to get water. We would always see fresh footprints in the snow from the neighbouring bunker, but on this particular day, I saw only my friend Alice from one of the other bun­kers, and no other footprints. The adults I was walking with said, “Maybe they’re still sleeping.” At noon, when we went out for the second time, we noticed there were still no footprints, so we went to see what was going on. The sight that greeted us was the most hor­rific I’ve ever seen: the doors to the bunker were open, and approxi­mately ten feet from the bunker were the dead bodies of the families living there — sixteen children, parents and grandparents, who had probably been killed the evening before. All the bodies were already covered with snow.

In a panic, we ran from the bunker to the partisan headquarters. The partisans knew that the military gangs operating under the di­rection of former Red Army general Andrei Vlasov, who collabo­rated with the Germans, had committed many similar atrocities, and thought that this may have been some of his work. Now we knew that we had additional enemies among us and relied on the partisans to protect us. Among them were a few Jewish partisans who didn’t disclose their origins because of the strong antisemitism among their Slovak group. These undercover Jewish partisans came to the bun­kers to help us. They wanted to supply us with handguns for protec­tion against Vlasov’s forces, but none of the seven adult men from our bunker knew how to handle a gun. Instead, two men stood on guard every night. If they suspected any danger, one of them would run to the headquarters. It was a harrowing time.

De génération en génération

L’épreuve des montagnes

Le 26 octobre 1944, il faisait froid et pluvieux à Kľačany. Je sautais à la corde quand tout à coup, ma belle-mère nous a crié de partir en courant. Nous pouvions entendre des bombes exploser au loin. J’étais affolée. Tout le monde autour de moi a commencé à se précipiter vers la forêt, y compris les villageois avec leur bétail. Au lieu de passer chez moi prendre mon manteau, je me suis contentée d’attraper la main d’Ivan. Ma belle-mère et sa mère nous ont suivis et nous nous sommes enfoncés dans la forêt.

Nous y avons rencontré des partisans slovaques qui nous ont dit que les villageois pouvaient rentrer chez eux, mais que les Juifs devaient rester sur place. Les partisans ont ouvert de force une maison et ont ordonné aux femmes et aux enfants d’y entrer. Nous étions mouillés, fatigués, serrés comme des sardines, et nous avions faim. Je me suis endormie et j’ai rêvé que je sauvais notre famille. Je voyais ma petite chambre verte de Bardejov, un lieu agréable, où il faisait bon. Je tentais de m’y rendre en longeant un couloir froid lorsque quelqu’un m’a attrapé par l’épaule : c’était une femme habillée en religieuse qui me commandait de ne pas aller dans ma chambre, mais de rester dans le couloir froid. Je lui ai demandé : « Qui êtes-vous pour me dire une absurdité pareille ? » Elle a répondu : « Je suis ta mère et je te protège ». J’ai ouvert les yeux et j’ai vu ma belle-mère qui me secouait par l’épaule. Elle criait : « Réveille-toi ! Il fait presque noir dehors. Grand-mère veut rentrer au village et nous devons rejoindre ceux qui s’y rendent ». Je lui ai raconté mon rêve. Une femme du nom de Mᵐᵉ Erdelyi écoutait et elle a conclu : « Sarolta, c’est un présage. Ne rentre pas. Nous allons faire de même – restons ici jusqu’au matin ». Ma grand-mère par alliance était furieuse, déclarant que mon rêve était ridicule : « Au lieu d’aller dans mon lit, se plaignait-elle, je dois rester dans cet horrible endroit ? »

Nous avons appris plus tard que certains des Juifs qui étaient rentrés à Kľačany avaient été abattus par les soldats allemands qui gardaient l’entrée de la vallée. Sans mon rêve, nous serions tous morts. Ma belle-mère en a été très reconnaissante et a raconté cette histoire à tout le monde après la guerre. Pour moi, cet incident n’a fait que confirmer ce que j’avais toujours su – que ma chère maman veillait, veille et veillera toujours sur moi.

Il se trouve que mon père avait prévu les difficultés qui arriveraient. Au cours d’une de ses visites à Bardejov, il nous a révélé, à Ivanko et à moi, un grand secret. Il avait apporté quatre brosses à vêtements avec lui et avait inséré à l’intérieur des plaques d’or dentaire de 24 carats. En cas de nécessité, l’or pourrait nous sauver la vie. Heureusement, ma belle-mère avait emporté les brosses avec elle dans la forêt.

Le lendemain matin après mon rêve, nous avons été réveillés par une grosse explosion. Les partisans nous ont dit de nous enfoncer plus profondément dans la forêt car les soldats allemands se rapprochaient. Les villageois avaient déjà construit plusieurs abris souterrains pour les vendre aux réfugiés juifs. Ma belle-mère a donné la première brosse pleine d’or en paiement pour que notre famille puisse s’abriter dans l’un des bunkers. Plusieurs autres Juifs – dont quatre membres de la famille Svarin, les cinq Landersmann, les cinq Lippa, les cinq Erdelyi et quelques autres – partageaient notre abri.

En tout, 29 personnes étaient entassées dans ce très petit espace. Le bunker était dissimulé dans le paysage de manière à être invisible de l’extérieur. Il mesurait environ trois mètres sur cinq. Il n’avait presque pas de ventilation, juste une petite porte qu’on pouvait ouvrir pour entrer et sortir. Nous dormions sur des lits superposés en bois dur, serrés étroitement les uns contre les autres. Nous n’avions aucune nourriture. Les trois premiers jours, alors qu’il n’y avait rien à manger, Ivanko a trouvé un morceau de couenne de lard qui avait sans doute été jeté par des travailleurs forestiers. Lui et moi l’avons mâchouillé pendant deux jours. Nous avons fait fondre de la neige pour avoir de l’eau, ainsi, au moins, nous pouvions étancher notre soif. Après trois jours, nous avons trouvé des chevaux gelés dans la forêt. Les partisans les avaient emmenés avec eux lors du soulèvement, mais, comme ils ne pouvaient pas les nourrir, ils les avaient laissés mourir de froid. La viande de cheval était un grand luxe. Les villageois apportaient souvent des pommes de terre aux réfugiés – qu’ils leur vendaient à prix d’or – et ils nous avaient aussi fourni une marmite en acier dans laquelle nous pouvions faire cuire des aliments sur un feu que nous allumions à l’intérieur du bunker et qui était aussi notre seule source de chaleur. Les femmes cuisinaient une fois par jour et tout le monde avait droit à une petite portion de nourriture.

Non loin de là se trouvait un grand bunker qui servait de quartier général à l’unité militaire des partisans. L’un des leurs, qui était médecin, nous a mis en garde contre les dangers du typhus et nous a recommandé de ne pas boire de la neige fondue, impropre à la consommation. Nous sommes sortis pour explorer les alentours et nous avons trouvé plusieurs autres bunkers abritant des Juifs, éparpillés dans la forêt, à environ 15 minutes de marche les uns des autres. Après quelques jours de chaos, des règles ont dû être établies pour faciliter la cohabitation de tant de personnes et un chef, Frankl, de Prešov, a été choisi pour représenter tous les Juifs. Un certain nombre de corvées ont été décidées, dont celle de se rendre trois fois par jour jusqu’à un ruisseau, situé à 15 minutes de marche du bunker, afin de rapporter de l’eau pour faire cuire les aliments et pour boire.

Comme mon père n’était pas là, tout retombait sur moi. Ma belle-mère, qui avait 38 ans à l’époque, a déclaré qu’elle et sa mère étaient trop âgées pour un travail aussi dur. Ivanko n’avait que 10 ans, aussi me revenait-il, à 14 ans, la responsabilité d’accompagner les hommes du bunker pour rapporter de l’eau et du bois pour la cuisine et le chauffage.

Nous étions encore en mesure de maintenir le contact avec les villageois et ils nous faisaient savoir quand les Allemands s’absentaient du village de façon prolongée, ce qui nous donnait le temps de venir nous ravitailler en pain, en pommes de terre et en pommes. C’est encore à moi qu’est revenue la corvée de faire ce trajet de trois heures avec les hommes, corvée qui a duré d’octobre à mars, tout au long d’un hiver particulièrement rigoureux. Je devais transporter les grosses charges de provisions sur mon dos. Ma belle-mère n’a jamais offert de me remplacer. Quand les autres personnes du bunker lui disaient sur un ton de reproche : « Vous devriez y aller à la place de cette enfant », son excuse était que, si les Allemands l’arrêtaient, son teint plus foncé que le mien désignerait clairement ses origines juives.

Lors de ma première expédition, je suis allée récupérer une couette en plume d’oie dans notre ancien appartement, afin de supporter les températures nocturnes qui étaient glaciales. Ma famille en a été enchantée, mais je n’ai jamais eu le plaisir d’en profiter. Ils se sont tous mis sous la couette sans faire de place pour moi. J’ai pleuré et demandé à ma vraie mère de me sauver. Les autres occupants du bunker étaient outrés du comportement de ma belle-mère et ils m’ont promis que, si nous survivions la guerre, ils mettraient mon père au courant de ce qui s’était passé.

Nous souffrions quotidiennement des poux, de la faim et du froid. Un matin, je suis partie comme d’habitude avec les hommes pour aller chercher de l’eau. Tous les jours, nous pouvions voir les traces de pas laissés dans la neige par les réfugiés de l’abri voisin, mais, ce matin-là, je n’ai vu que mon amie Alice, sortie d’un autre bunker plus éloigné, et aucune trace de pas. Les adultes avec lesquels je marchais ont dit : « Ils sont peut-être encore en train de dormir ». À midi, quand nous sommes sortis pour la deuxième fois, nous avons remarqué qu’il n’y avait toujours pas d’empreintes, aussi sommes-nous allés voir ce qui se passait. La scène qui nous attendait était la plus horrible que j’aie jamais vue : les portes du bunker étaient ouvertes et, trois mètres plus loin, gisaient les corps sans vie des familles qui y avaient vécu – 16 enfants, parents et grandsparents, sans doute abattus la veille au soir. Tous les corps étaient déjà recouverts de neige.

Pris de panique, nous avons couru vers le quartier général des partisans. Ils savaient que des groupes militaires opérant sous la direction de l’ancien général de l’Armée rouge, Andreï Vlassov, qui collaborait avec les Allemands, avaient commis beaucoup d’atrocités de ce genre et ils pensaient que, cette fois encore, ils en étaient sans doute responsables. Cela signifiait que nous avions des ennemis supplémentaires et nous comptions sur les partisans pour nous protéger. Parmi ceux-ci, on trouvait quelques Juifs qui ne révélaient pas leurs origines à cause du profond antisémitisme des membres slovaques de leur groupe. Ces Juifs clandestins sont venus nous voir dans nos bunkers. Ils voulaient nous aider et nous ont fourni des pistolets pour que nous nous protégions contre les forces de Vlassov, mais aucun des sept adultes de notre abri n’était formé au maniement des armes. Il a été décidé alors que deux hommes monteraient la garde tous les soirs. À la moindre alerte, l’un d’eux devait courir au quartier général pour chercher de l’aide. Cette période a été atroce.

The Slovak National Uprising

From Loss to Liberation

We made it to open space maybe an hour later. We weren’t even hungry due to the nervous pressure. We just kept on walking in the direction we had come from. I walked with Corporal Bystrický, also a Jewish soldier, who served at the outlook post like me. After an exhausting two-to-three-hour walk in the deep snow, our group arrived at Tři Vody, Three Waters. It is a confluence of three creeks, where three narrow roads also meet. There we found a sizable, slightly elevated wood stable; two or three steps led up to it. Since the door was unlocked, we walked in to sit down and rest.

The stable was already occupied by twenty-five to thirty partisan officers. We had been there with them, resting and talking, for maybe thirty minutes when, all of a sudden, we heard loud machine-gun shots very close to the cottage. At first we weren’t sure what was happening, but by looking through a small ventilation pipe we soon found out. We saw the Germans, who had followed our footsteps in the snow. A group of four or five of them were moving three machine guns on skis along the road, continuously firing parallel to the horse stable and the roads. There was no way out.

Some of the partisans in the stable jumped through the window and into the partly frozen creek. The Germans’ shots hit them all as they jumped out. We could see some of them fall through the ice. Some tried to run through another set of doors and into the dense forest that was only five metres away, across the narrow road. They were all hit, too, and died on the spot. Some twenty to twenty-five partisans and their officers were killed.

Corporal Bystrický and I both thought: why should we run into certain death? Let them come here and shoot us. One half of the door that faced the road was partly open, so we could see the dead bodies piled up near the doors and windows. Resistance seemed useless; death seemed inevitable. The shooting stopped, but we sat on the floor and waited. It was just the two of us, waiting inside the stable for the Germans to come and open fire. But they never came.

Alone in the Storm

Flowers and Forced Labour

Miklós Horthy, the Regent of Hungary, made his declaration of intent to make peace with the Allied forces, including the Soviet Union. That same day, the fascist Arrow Cross Party, with the support of the Nazi relgime, seized power in a coup. Instead of returning to his unit, George went into hiding.

Everything was in chaos. Lieutenant Ujvary called me into his office and said, “My boy, I am sorry to say that you have to pack your repair shop into boxes – everything. The unit is going far away. If you have some plans in your head, talk to Private Jozsi Denes, a gypsy soldier, and have some money ready. I wish you good luck, and if we survive this unfortunate and terrible war, we will celebrate together. What I have told you is confidential.” I shook his hand and replied, “Thank you very much, and I wish you good luck as well. You have been a real gentleman. Take care, and God bless you.”

I understood what Ujvary meant. I told Tibor and eight other close friends that I was planning an escape because, in view of the takeover of the government, the unit would almost certainly soon be forced to go to Germany to work for the war effort, and I asked them to join me. I told them we would have to pay somebody a bribe to look the other way while we escaped. We managed to put together some money that our families had given us.

The next evening, I asked Jozsi, the guard, to come to the repair shop so I could adjust the heels on his boots. I revealed our plan to him and asked for his cooperation. I gave him the money we had collected, an amount he was content with. According to our plan, he would be on duty during the morning at the side entrance, a fence of wood planks. He said he would intentionally “look the other way” for ten minutes. This would be sufficient time for the ten of us to escape by moving away a loose plank.

Everything was set. I put my repair equipment into boxes and left all my clothes hanging from the nails. At 5:00 the next morning, we left the room quietly. Jozsi was there, as he had said he would be. I was the last one to go through the fence. One of my legs was outside the fence when a German army unit, made up of about fifty soldiers, passed by. I pretended I was repairing the broken fence. The soldiers glanced at me but did not stop. In the last seconds of the ten-minute reprieve, I made it outside. What a close call!

I removed the yellow band from my arm and bid farewell to my friends. With money in hand, I boarded the first streetcar that came by. Luckily, it was almost empty and the elderly conductor did not seem to care who I was.

When I came back to Budapest after the war, I was saddened to learn that none of the friends with whom I had escaped survived the war.

Seul dans la tourmente

De Bouquets et Travaux forcés

Miklós Horthy, le régent de la Hongrie, a déclaré qu’il avait l’intention de demander la paix aux Alliés et à l’Union soviétique. Le jour même, le parti fasciste des Croix fléchées, avec l’appui du régime nazi, a usurpé le pouvoir par un coup d’État. Au lieu de réintégrer son unité, George est entré en clandestinité.

C’était le chaos. Le lieutenant Ujvary m’a convoqué dans son bureau et m’a dit : « Mon garçon, je suis désolé de te dire que tu dois emballer ton atelier de réparations dans des boîtes – tout. Notre unité est sur le point de partir. Si tu as des projets, parles-en au deuxième classe Jozsi Denes, le Tsigane, et procure-toi de l’argent. Je te souhaite bonne chance et, si nous survivons à cette maudite guerre, nous fêterons ça ensemble. Ce que je t’ai dit est confidentiel. » Je lui ai serré la main et j’ai répondu : « Je vous remercie et vous souhaite bonne chance aussi. Vous avez su être droit et intègre. Que Dieu vous garde. »

J’ai compris le message d’Ujvary. J’ai révélé à Tibor et à huit autres proches amis que j’envisageais de m’enfuir car, vu la prise de pouvoir du gouvernement, l’unité serait presque certainement obligée de partir prochainement en Allemagne pour travailler à l’effort de guerre. Je leur ai ensuite demandé de se joindre à moi. Je leur ai dit que nous aurions à payer une sentinelle qui accepte de fermer les yeux sur notre évasion. Nous nous sommes arrangés pour réunir le peu d’argent que nos familles nous avaient donné.

Le lendemain soir, j’ai demandé à Jozsi, le soldat de garde, de venir me voir à l’atelier afin que j’ajuste les talons de ses bottes. Je lui ai dévoilé notre plan et lui ai demandé sa coopération. Je lui ai donné l’argent que nous avions réuni dont la somme a semblé lui plaire. Notre plan comptait sur le fait qu’il montait la garde le matin, à l’entrée secondaire dont la clôture était en planches de bois. Il a dit qu’il regarderait intentionnellement dans l’autre sens pendant 10 minutes. Ce délai serait suffisant pour nous échapper tous les dix en déplaçant une planche mal ajustée de la clôture.

Tout était réglé. J’ai placé mon matériel de réparations de chaussures dans des boîtes et j’ai laissé tous mes vêtements suspendus à leurs clous. À 5 heures le lendemain matin, nous avons quitté la pièce en silence. Jozsi était présent, comme convenu. J’ai été le dernier à passer la clôture. Une de mes jambes était à l’extérieur de la palissade quand un détachement de l’armée allemande d’environ 50 soldats a fait son apparition. J’ai immédiatement fait semblant d’être en train de réparer la clôture endommagée. Les soldats m’ont jeté un coup d’oeil, mais ne se sont pas arrêtés. Quelques secondes à peine avant l’échéance des 10 minutes, j’ai pu me dégager et fuir. Je l’avais échappé belle !

J’ai fait glisser le brassard jaune de mon bras et dit adieu à mes amis. Mon argent à la main, je suis monté dans le premier tramway qui passait. Heureusement, il était presque vide et le conducteur, un vieil homme, n’a pas semblé se soucier de qui j’étais.

Quand je suis revenu à Budapest après la guerre, j’ai été attristé d’apprendre qu’aucun des amis avec lesquels je m’étais échappé n’avait survécu.

Knocking on Every Door

The Gathering Storm

November 9, 1938, was the infamous night now known as Kristallnacht. This supposedly spontaneous demonstration against Jews in all the Nazi-occupied lands was, in reality, carefully planned. The world was shocked by the vicious display of hatred and violence, and there were protests from the free world. England subsequently offered a haven for Jewish children called the Kindertransport. Our son Milan and his cousin Harry, both only four years old, were registered to go but we changed our minds about letting such small children go and took them off the list.

Many Germans were shocked by the destruction and brutality as well and the Nazis realized that such an event should not be repeated — at least not under public scrutiny. Some people didn’t approve when they saw a kindly neighbourhood merchant being beaten up, but there were others who felt that it should be done, but out of the public view. The latter was the official belief that the Nazis held until the end.

Not long after Arnold and I were married, he had opened a jewellery store in partnership with my brother Erna. Before Christmas 1938, my husband decided to close the jewellery business in Prague and sold it for next to nothing to the brother of his friend, Cenek Sykora. The transfer took effect on January 1, 1939. Arnold made this decision on the spur of the moment after an incident with a beggar. Arnold had regularly maintained the practice of distributing alms from the store on Fridays. On this particular occasion, the beggar insolently demanded more. In response, Arnold calmly and silently slid the money back into the drawer. The beggar went to the store entrance and screamed into the busy street that the Jew was beating him. A big crowd gathered, but fortunately, some police officers who knew my husband picked up the beggar and quickly ended the whole incident. But to Arnold, this was another clear sign that times were changing and that what was left of the republic would not last much longer….

At the end of February 1939, Arnold sent my brother Vilda, who was a lawyer and not married, to Switzerland to arrange some money matters for him — Arnold had sent money and jewellery out of the country through people who were paid twenty-five cents for every dollar they smuggled out. Vilda was to wait in Switzerland to receive that money from the couriers and then deposit it in a Swiss bank. When my brother called to say that he was coming home because everything had been accomplished, Arnold told him to stay a few more days. He was lucky — a few days later, on March 15, 1939, the Nazis occupied Czechoslovakia. At least one of us was in the free world.

The day that the last remaining island of democracy in Central Europe disappeared was depressing and unforgettable. It confirmed that my husband had been right in his efforts to leave. “Go anywhere,” he would tell people, “go as far as possible.”

On that terrible Wednesday, March 15, 1939, Andulka woke me up at six in the morning and told me that Hitler’s troops were on their way to Prague. We got up and I asked her to pack a suitcase for my husband and me. The nanny was to pack a suitcase for the children. Without discussion, we decided to go to my parents….

We had left our home in such a hurry that we hadn’t even had a chance to tell my parents that we were coming. It’s interesting to see how our family’s sense of togetherness immediately came into play. Our car was parked in front of my parents’ building and an hour later, my brother arrived with his wife, Hilda, and their baby, Eva. Erna and Hilda had gotten married on October 28, 1937, and their first daughter, Eva, was born a year later on October 29, 1938. We had all instinctively gathered there, without having called each other first. From that day on, we lived in my parents’ apartment on 18 Celetná Street, in the centre of Prague — it was upstairs from the jewellery store that Arnold had owned. As soon as we arrived, Arnold left the house to try to get exit visas for all of us. He came back that afternoon, discouraged because he had only managed to secure one exit visa — for himself….The exit visa was valid for ten days, but in the end he had to let it expire because he wouldn’t leave without the rest of the family.

Frapper à toutes les portes

Le ciel s’assombrit

La tristement célèbre Kristallnacht est survenue le 9 novembre 1938. Cette manifestation prétendument spontanée contre les Juifs dans tous les territoires occupés par les nazis avait en réalité été soigneusement planifiée. Le monde entier s’est indigné devant un tel déferlement de haine et de violence, et les protestations ont fusé de toutes parts. Quelques semaines plus tard, la Grande-Bretagne a offert refuge à des enfants juifs, une initiative humanitaire appelée Kindertransport. Notre fils Milan et son cousin Harry, tous deux âgés de 4 ans à peine, avaient été inscrits sur une liste, mais l’idée de laisser partir de si jeunes enfants nous a fait changer d’avis.

Beaucoup d’Allemands ayant également réprouvé ces mesures si destructrices, si violentes, les nazis ont compris qu’ils devaient empêcher un tel événement de se reproduire – du moins publiquement. Si certaines personnes s’opposaient aux mauvais traitements infligés à un sympathique marchand du voisinage, d’autres estimaient que cela devait se faire, mais à l’insu du monde. Cette dernière position constituerait la politique officielle des nazis jusqu’à la fin.

Peu après notre mariage, Arnold avait ouvert une bijouterie avec mon frère Erna. Avant Noël 1938, mon mari a néanmoins décidé de fermer le commerce à Prague et l’a vendu pour presque rien au frère d’un de ses amis, Cenek Sykora. Le transfert de propriété a eu lieu le 1ᵉʳ janvier 1939. Cette décision s’est imposée d’elle-même à la suite d’un incident avec un mendiant. Mon mari donnait régulièrement des aumônes le vendredis. Un jour, le mendiant en question en a insolemment demandé davantage. Pour toute réponse, Arnold a calmement et silencieusement remis l’argent dans son tiroir. Le mendiant est alors allé à la porte du magasin et s’est mis à crier aux passants que le Juif était en train de le battre. Une foule a commencé à s’amasser devant l’entrée. Mais, heureusement, des policiers qui connaissaient mon mari ont emmené le mendiant et mis fin à l’incident sans tarder. Pour Arnold, toutefois, cet épisode indiquait clairement, une fois encore, que les temps changeaient : ce qui subsistait de la République ne durerait pas bien longtemps....

À la fin du mois de février 1939, Arnold a envoyé en Suisse mon frère Vilda, avocat célibataire, pour qu’il s’occupe de certaines transactions financières en son nom – Arnold avait fait sortir de l’argent et des bijoux du pays par des gens qui recevaient 25 cents pour chaque dollar passé. Vilda devait attendre en Suisse que les passeurs lui remettent l’argent qu’il devait ensuite déposer dans une banque du pays. Lorsqu’il nous a téléphoné pour nous dire qu’il avait accompli sa tâche et qu’il rentrait chez nous, Arnold lui a demandé de rester sur place encore un peu. Vilda a eu de la chance : quelques jours plus tard, le 15 mars 1939, les nazis ont occupé la Tchécoslovaquie. Au moins l’un d’entre nous se trouvait dans le monde libre.

Impossible d’oublier ce jour déprimant où l’Europe centrale a vu disparaître sa dernière oasis de démocratie. Mon mari avait eu raison d’envisager la fuite : « Partez n’importe où, disait-il aux gens, partez aussi loin que possible ».

En ce terrible mercredi 15 mars 1939, Andulka est venue me réveiller à 6 heures du matin pour me dire que les troupes d’Hitler étaient en route vers Prague. Nous nous sommes levés et nous lui avons demandé de préparer une valise pour mon mari et moi. La gardienne d’enfants s’occuperait de la leur. Sans même en discuter, nous avons décidé de nous rendre chez mes parents....

Nous étions si pressés de quitter la maison que nous n’avons même pas eu le temps de prévenir mes parents de notre arrivée. Il est intéressant de voir comment l’esprit de famille s’est immédiatement mis en action. Nous avons garé notre voiture devant leur immeuble et, une heure plus tard, mon frère est arrivé avec sa femme, Hilda, et leur bébé, Eva (Erna et Hilda s’étaient mariés le 28 octobre 1937 et leur première fille, Eva, était née un an plus tard, le 29 octobre 1938). Sans nous consulter, nous nous étions tous réunis là, d’instinct. À partir de ce jour, nous sommes restés dans l’appartement de mes parents au 18, rue Celetná, en plein coeur de Prague – ils vivaient au-dessus de la bijouterie qu’Arnold avait naguère possédée. Sans tarder, mon mari a quitté l’appartement afin d’obtenir un visa de sortie pour chacun de nous. Il est revenu dans l’après-midi, découragé, n’ayant pu se procurer qu’un visa – pour lui-même. Il l’avait payé 50 000 korun, ce qui n’était pas grand-chose. À cette époque, le taux de change avait chuté d’environ 30 à 600 korun pour un dollar américain. Le document ne lui avait donc coûté qu’environ 83 dollars. Le visa était valable dix jours, mais il a dû le laisser expirer car il ne serait jamais parti sans le reste de la famille.

The Aktion

A Lasting Legacy

And then came the bloody day of October 28, 1942, which I will never forget for as long as I will live. It was a beginning in my life and the day that I changed from a child to a serious man who survived four years in many concentration camps, and who survived only with the thought of revenge on the bloody German murderers.

Now I will describe that one day:

We got up that morning to go to work, when all of sudden we heard our mother screaming as she looked through the window (our window was facing outside of the ghetto). We all ran to look and we saw what we had been afraid of for quite a while. The ghetto was surrounded by SS troops specially trained for “liquidations” (killings) of Jews. What the word Aktion means we now know very well. It means hundreds of dead people and thousands taken for transport to an unknown destination (later on we found out that the unknown destination was the crematoria in Bełżec, Treblinka, Majdanek and many others, where we lost millions of our brothers).

You have to forgive me, dear uncle, for the chaos in my writing, but when I start to remember the horrible times, then I can write only the way that I remember. Well, let us continue.

We are sitting and huddling together in one room, because we’re not allowed to go out, and listening to any noises coming from outside where, in the meantime, it was very quiet (quiet before the storm). Mother is crying very quietly; she knows that something very terrible is coming. We are trying to assure her that everything will be okay. I felt like a grown-up person, although I was only sixteen years old.

Our thoughts were with you in far-away Palestine, where most likely you had no idea what was going on here.

All of sudden, we start to hear a few shots and then a whole volley. It had started! We hear crying, yelling, moaning, and we know for sure that there must be many dead. Mother is crying together with our small cousin, who was living with us with his mother, Aunt Sally.

Then we hear heavy steps of the SS coming to our door. They are here! We are sitting together hugging each other, waiting for something terrible to happen. Then, the steps stopped right in front of our door ... a big bang and they are in. Sadistic faces with sadistic smiles slowly coming toward us.

One of them gives a yell: “Now I’ll deal with these damn Jews!”

One of the beasts started to beat my dearest mother. Then something snapped in me. Blindly, and with the most hate I could muster to the animal who could raise a hand to my mother, I threw myself on him with the fist. Me, a sixteen-year-old boy, trying to fight the big German.

I can still hear his sadistic laugh together with my mother’s scream. Then I felt a blow to my head and I lost consciousness. I was left for dead. They left me bleeding on the floor. In the evening, a few of the boys, who were working in the Gestapo headquarters (cleaning the toilets), found me on the floor. They said that I was very lucky (lucky, who in few minutes had lost everybody). I did not cry. I swore to myself that if I survive, I will seek revenge.

L'Aktion

Souvenez-Vous

Puis est arrivée la journée sanglante du 28 octobre 1942, qui restera gravée dans ma mémoire aussi longtemps que je vivrai. Cette date a marqué un tournant dans ma vie, car c’est le jour où je suis passé de l’enfance à l’âge d’homme, un homme au tempérament sérieux et réfléchi qui allait survivre à quatre années de détention dans de nombreux camps de concentration avec pour seule motivation de prendre sa revanche sur les Allemands assassins et sanguinaires.

Je vais maintenant vous raconter cette journée.

Ce matin-là, nous nous sommes levés pour aller travailler, quand tout à coup nous avons entendu notre mère crier alors qu’elle regardait par la fenêtre (qui était orientée vers l’extérieur du ghetto). Nous avons tous accouru pour jeter un œil et avons vu ce que nous redoutions depuis un certain temps : le ghetto était cerné de troupes SS spécialement formées à la « liquidation » (l’assassinat) de Juifs. Aujourd’hui, nous connaissons très bien la signification du mot Aktion. Il est synonyme de centaines de morts et de milliers de personnes emmenées vers une destination inconnue (plus tard, nous allions découvrir que ces destinations inconnues étaient en fait les crématoires de Belzec, Treblinka, Majdanek et bien d’autres encore, où nous avons perdu des millions de nos frères).

Veuillez pardonner, cher oncle, mes propos confus, mais lorsque je commence à me remémorer ces terribles moments, je peux seulement écrire mes souvenirs comme ils me reviennent. Bref, poursuivons.

Nous sommes assis et blottis les uns contre les autres dans une pièce, car nous n’avons pas le droit de sortir, et nous sommes à l’affût de tout bruit provenant de l’extérieur, où, en même temps, tout est très calme (le calme avant la tempête). Maman pleure très discrètement ; elle sait que quelque chose de particulièrement affreux va se produire. Nous essayons de la persuader que tout ira bien. Je tentais de me comporter en adulte, bien qu’ayant à peine 16 ans.

Nous pensions à vous qui, dans la lointaine Palestine, n’aviez probablement aucune idée de ce qui se passait ici.

Tout à coup, quelques coups de feu se font entendre, puis toute une salve. L’Aktion avait débuté ! Nous entendons des cris, des hurlements, des gémissements, et nous savons avec certitude qu’il doit y avoir beaucoup de morts. Maman pleure, comme notre petit cousin ; sa mère, tante Sally, et lui vivaient avec nous.

Puis nous entendons les pas lourds des SS qui se rapprochent. Ils sont là ! Nous sommes assis ensemble et nous nous serrons les uns contre les autres, dans l’attente que quelque chose de terrible se produise. Les pas s’arrêtent ensuite juste devant notre porte… Un grand boum et ils sont à l’intérieur, devant nous. Ces visages cruels aux sourires sadiques s’avancent lentement vers nous.

L’un d’entre eux se met à hurler : « Maintenant, je vais m’occuper de ces sales Juifs ! »

Une de ces brutes a commencé à frapper ma mère chérie. J’ai été soulevé d’indignation : mû par toute la haine que je ressentais envers cet animal qui osait lever la main sur ma mère, je me suis jeté aveuglément sur lui, les poings en avant. Moi, un garçon de 16 ans, attaquant le grand Allemand !

J’entends encore son rire mauvais qui se mêle aux cris de ma mère. C’est alors que j’ai ressenti un coup à la tête et que j’ai perdu connaissance. J’ai été laissé pour mort, gisant à terre, en sang. Le soir, quelques-uns des garçons employés à nettoyer les toilettes au quartier général de la Gestapo m’ont trouvé étendu par terre. Ils m’ont raconté que j’avais eu beaucoup de chance (j’avais beaucoup de chance, moi, celui qui en quelques minutes avait perdu tous les siens…). Je n’ai pas pleuré. Je me suis juré que, si je survivais, je me vengerais. Eh bien, j’ai survécu, mais je n’ai pas encore assouvi ma vengeance.

Le Violon / Témoignage d’un enfant, Rachel Shtibel, Adam Shtibel

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Deux enfants dans l’ombre de la mort en Pologne occupée échappent à leurs bourreaux nazis : Rachel, la petite fille enjouée qui adore la musique, et Adam, le garçon silencieux qui se fait passer pour un non-Juif. Sauvés par leur force intérieure, leur courage, la chance et la bienveillance de quelques amis et inconnus, Rachel et Adam se rencontrent après la guerre, tombent amoureux et décident de construire une nouvelle vie ensemble. Cinquante ans plus tard, une remarque inopinée incite Rachel à se replonger dans ses souvenirs – et à découvrir qui elle est vraiment. Toujours à ses côtés, Adam est lui-même amené à rompre le long silence qu’il s’est imposé…

Préface de Naomi Azrieli

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At a Glance
Rachel Shtibel:
Poland
Ghetto
Hiding
Postwar Israel
Arrived in Canada in 1968
Adam Shtibel:
Poland
Ghetto
Hiding; passing/false identity
Testimony given in 1948
Arrived in Canada in 1968
Recommended Ages
16+
Language
French

296 pages, including index

2008 Independent Publisher Gold Medal

About the author

Photo of Rachel Shtibel

Rachel (née Milbauer) Shtibel was born in 1935 in Eastern Galicia. She married Adam Shtibel in 1956, moving to Israel one year later. In Israel, Rachel obtained an MA in microbiology. In 1968, the family moved to Canada, settling in Toronto, where they still live.

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About the author

Photo of Adam Shtibel

Adam Shtibel was born in 1928 in Komarów, Poland. He met Rachel Shtibel after the war and they married in 1956, moving to Israel one year later. In Israel, Adam worked in the aircraft industry. In 1968, the family moved to Canada, settling in Toronto, where they still live.

The Violin/A Child's Testimony, Rachel Shtibel, Adam Shtibel

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Two children, Rachel Milbauer and Adam Shtibel, elude almost certain death in Nazi-occupied Poland: Rachel, a vivacious music lover, lies hidden and silent in an underground bunker for nearly two years. Adam quietly “passes” as a non-Jew, forced every day to dodge the people who are intent on killing him. Saved by a combination of inner strength, luck and the help of courageous friends and strangers, Rachel and Adam meet and fall in love after the war and begin to build a new life together. Half a century later, a chance remark inspires Rachel to explore her memories and discover who she really is…

Introduction by Naomi Azrieli

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At a Glance
Rachel Shtibel:
Poland
Ghetto
Hiding
Postwar Israel
Arrived in Canada in 1968
Adam Shtibel:
Poland
Ghetto
Hiding; passing/false identity
Testimony given in 1948
Arrived in Canada in 1968
Recommended Ages
16+
Language
English

276 pages, including index

2008 Independent Publisher Gold Medal

About the author

Photo of Rachel Shtibel

Rachel (née Milbauer) Shtibel was born in 1935 in Eastern Galicia. She married Adam Shtibel in 1956, moving to Israel one year later. In Israel, Rachel obtained an MA in microbiology. In 1968, the family moved to Canada, settling in Toronto, where they still live.

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About the author

Photo of Adam Shtibel

Adam Shtibel was born in 1928 in Komarów, Poland. He met Rachel Shtibel after the war and they married in 1956, moving to Israel one year later. In Israel, Adam worked in the aircraft industry. In 1968, the family moved to Canada, settling in Toronto, where they still live.

Chaos to Canvas, Maxwell Smart

Maxwell Smart’s memoir is now available in a new edition titled The Boy in the Woods, published by HarperCollins. Purchase the book here.

In the town of Buczacz, Poland, eleven-year-old Maxwell plays in the ruins of old castles and enjoys a quiet life with his family until the summer of 1941, when the Nazis invade and destroy his childhood forever. Maxwell narrowly escapes deportation and certain death, and soon finds himself all alone in the frozen woods, hiding from roving groups of Nazis and Ukrainian collaborators. Lonely and in despair, afraid and starving, Maxwell must rely on the kindness of a farmer and on his own resourcefulness and imagination to survive. In the harrowing yet inspiring journey of Chaos to Canvas, Maxwell eloquently describes his transformation from a boy dependent on his family to a teenager fighting to survive and, ultimately, to a man who finds himself through art in a life beyond war.

Introduction by Carol Zemel

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At a Glance
Poland
Hiding
Postwar Austria, displaced persons camp; Romania
War Orphans Project
Arrived in Canada in 1948
Adjusting to life in Canada
Art by author
Educational materials available: Maxwell Smart Activity
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
English

240 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Maxwell Smart

Maxwell Smart was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic), in 1930. After surviving the Holocaust on his own, seventeen-year-old Maxwell immigrated to Canada in 1948 through the War Orphans Project. Since his arrival in Canada, Maxwell has lived in Montreal, where he has become a successful painter, opening his own art gallery in 2006.

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My Heart Is at Ease, Gerta Solan

Gerta Solan’s passion for music began in her childhood, inspired by the chamber concerts her parents organized in their loving home in Prague. In June 1942, twelve-year-old Gerta is deported with her parents to the Theresienstadt ghetto – the Nazis’ deceptive “model Jewish settlement” – and both music and family help her cope with the devastation surrounding her. Later, alone in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Gerta gathers her strength and determination to survive the unbearable. Her intrepid spirit and keen observation guides her anew through postwar communism to freedom in Canada.

Introduction by Tatjana Lichtenstein

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At a Glance
Czechoslovakia
Theresienstadt ghetto/concentration camp
Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp
Death march
Postwar Czechoslovakia
Life under Communism
Arrived in Canada in 1968
Adjusting to life in Canada
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
English

208 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Gerta Solan

Gerta Solan was born in 1929 in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic). After liberation, she returned to Prague, and in 1949 she married Paul Seidner (Solan). They lived under the Communist regime in Prague until the Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1968, when they fled and immigrated to Toronto with their son. In Toronto, Gerta worked for the Red Cross, tracing and reuniting families after disasters, until her retirement in 1995. Gerta Solan lives in Israel.

In Fragile Moments/The Last Time, Zsuzsanna Fischer Spiro, Eva Shainblum

Born two hundred kilometres away from each other and two years apart, the lives of both Zsuzsanna Fischer and Eva Steinberger are thrown into chaos when Germany occupies Hungary and destroys their peaceful homes. In the spring of 1944, as eighteen-year-old Zsuzsanna and sixteen-year-old Eva are forced into ghettos and then to Auschwitz-Birkenau, they each take refuge in the one constant in their lives – their older sisters. While Zsuzsanna frantically documents the end of the war in her diary, pages that she will return to when faced with the trauma of postwar revolution in Hungary, Eva barely escapes death and, shattered by so many tragedies, dreams of finding freedom and family. Two stories etched in pain and hope, In Fragile Moments and The Last Time mirror the remarkable differences in similar paths of survival.

Introduction by Louise Vasvari

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At a Glance
Zsuzsanna Fischer Spiro:
Hungary
Ghetto
Forced labour camps
Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp
Death march
Wartime diary excerpts
Postwar Hungarian Uprising
Arrived in Canada in 1957
Eva Shainblum:
Hungary
Ghetto
Forced labour camps
Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp
Death march
Arrived in Canada in 1948
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
English

176 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Zsuzsanna Fischer Spiro

Zsuzsanna Fischer (1925–2016) was born in Tornyospálca, Hungary. After the war, she married Holocaust survivor Joseph Spiro. They lived in Budapest with their two sons until the 1956 Hungarian Uprising — an event that Zsuzsanna documented in a diary — and immigrated to Canada in 1957.

About the author

Photo of Eva Shainblum

Eva Shainblum was born in 1927 in Nagyvárad, Hungary (now Romania). She immigrated to Canada in 1948, settling in Montreal, where she worked as a bookkeeper, married and raised a family. Eva Shainblum lives in Montreal.

Vanished Boyhood, George Stern

One month before George Stern’s thirteenth birthday, Germany invades his native Hungary. Anti-Jewish edicts are passed and a ghetto is established. A rebel even then, George refuses to wear the Jewish star. “Passing” as a Christian boy, he survives the siege of Budapest as the Soviet Red Army presses closer, strafing the city while the fascist Arrow Cross continues to hunt for Jews. After the war, George leaves Europe for Israel and fights in the War of Independence. Over the next twenty years his family’s journeys take them from Israel to São Paulo, Brazil and finally to Toronto. Filled with determination and bravery, this is also the poignant account of George Stern’s Vanished Boyhood.

Introduction by Susan Papp

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At a Glance
Hungary
Ghetto
Passing/false identity
Arrow Cross regime
Siege of Budapest
Postwar Israel; Brazil
Arrived in Canada in 1970
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
English

184 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of George Stern

George Stern (1931–2017) was born in Újpest, Hungary. After the war, he immigrated to Israel and fought in the War of Independence. In 1960, George and his wife, Judit, left Israel for São Paulo, Brazil; they immigrated to Canada in 1970.

Une jeunesse perdue, George Stern

George Stern va avoir 13 ans quand l’Allemagne envahit sa Hongrie natale. Des mesures antijuives sont mises en place. George refuse de porter l’étoile juive et se fait passer pour un jeune chrétien. Il survit au siège de Budapest que l’armée soviétique bombarde tandis que les Croix fléchées pourchassent les Juifs. Après la libération, George part en Israël et participe à la guerre d’Indépendance. Par la suite, la famille s’installera au Brésil puis à Toronto. Ces mémoires retracent de manière poignante la Jeunesse perdue de George Stern.

Préface de Susan Papp

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At a Glance
Hungary
Ghetto
Passing/false identity
Arrow Cross regime
Siege of Budapest
Postwar Israel; Brazil
Arrived in Canada in 1970
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
French

200 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of George Stern

George Stern (1931–2017) was born in Újpest, Hungary. After the war, he immigrated to Israel and fought in the War of Independence. In 1960, George and his wife, Judit, left Israel for São Paulo, Brazil; they immigrated to Canada in 1970.

The Shadows Behind Me, Willie Sterner

For six desperate years, Willie Sterner’s skill as a painter saves him from death at the hands of the Nazis. Faced with inhumane conditions in slave labour camps, and grieving the brutal loss of his close-knit family of nine, Willie relies on his courage and ingenuity to hold onto his dignity. Showing how random luck could change the course toward almost certain death for Jews in the Holocaust, Willie finds himself transferred to Oskar Schindler’s Emalia factory, where he comes under the protection of the famed German businessman and becomes his personal art restorer. An unvarnished account of what he experienced and what he lost, The Shadows Behind Me also follows the story of Willie and Eva – the woman he meets on a death march – as they rebuild their lives and regain hope in Canada. Gripping and moving, this is a tribute to one man’s remarkable determination to survive.

Introduction by Hilary Earl

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At a Glance
Poland
Krakow ghetto
Forced labour camps
Oskar Schindler’s factory
Mauthausen concentration camp
Postwar Austria, displaced persons camps
Arrived in Canada in 1948
Adjusting to life in Canada
Recommended Ages
16+
Language
English

256 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Willie Sterner

Willie Sterner (1919–2011) was born in Wolbrom, Poland, on September 15, 1919. The eldest of seven children, he was the only one to survive the Holocaust. After the war, he lived in displaced persons camps in Austria, where he became chief of the Jewish police. He and his wife, Eva, immigrated to Canada in 1948 and settled in Montreal.

Les Ombres du passé, Willie Sterner

Pendant six années, le talent de peintre de Willie Sterner parvient à le sauver de la mort aux mains des nazis. Willie doit faire face à des conditions inhumaines dans un camp de travaux forcés, ainsi qu’à la mort brutale de sa famille proche. Le sort a voulu qu'il soit transféré à Emalia, l’entreprise d’Oskar Schindler qui le protège et fait de lui son restaurateur d’art personnel. Les Ombres du passé relate aussi le parcours de Willie et d’Eva, sa femme, qui refont leur vie au Canada. Ce récit captivant témoigne de la détermination remarquable dont Willie Sterner a fait preuve pour survivre.

Préface de Hilary Earl

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At a Glance
Poland
Krakow ghetto
Forced labour camps
Oskar Schindler’s factory
Mauthausen concentration camp
Postwar Austria, displaced persons camps
Arrived in Canada in 1948
Adjusting to life in Canada
Recommended Ages
16+
Language
French

256 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Willie Sterner

Willie Sterner (1919–2011) was born in Wolbrom, Poland, on September 15, 1919. The eldest of seven children, he was the only one to survive the Holocaust. After the war, he lived in displaced persons camps in Austria, where he became chief of the Jewish police. He and his wife, Eva, immigrated to Canada in 1948 and settled in Montreal.

Album of My Life, Ann Szedlecki

Ann Szedlecki was a Hollywood-film-loving fourteen-year-old when the Nazis invaded Poland in 1939. Fleeing to the Soviet Union with her brother, she spent the next six years in a remote Siberian outpost, enduring loneliness, hunger and forced labour, but also savouring moments of warmth and friendship. Tender, tragic and also engagingly funny, Ann lovingly reconstructs her pre-war childhood in Lodz and offers a compelling and complex portrait of survival in the USSR and of the diversity of survivor experiences during the Nazi genocide. The reader is drawn to young Ann’s fierce determination, humour and decency as we accompany her on her coming-of-age journey without family and living largely by her wits. Full of rich detail and poignant observation, this is a beautiful rendering of the vicissitudes of one woman’s life in relation to the large-scale historical events that helped shape its course.

Introduction by Naomi Azrieli

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At a Glance
Poland; Soviet Union
Escape
Soviet labour camps in Siberia
Arrived in Canada in 1953
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
English

240 pages, including index

2009 Moonbeam Children’s Book Award Gold Medal

About the author

Photo of Ann Szedlecki

Ann Szedlecki (1925–2005) was born Chana Frajlich in Lodz, Poland. After the war, she returned to Lodz to find that every member of her family had perished. In 1950, she married and immigrated to Israel and then, in 1953, to Toronto.

L’Album de ma vie, Ann Szedlecki

Ann Szedlecki adorait les films hollywoodiens. Âgée de quatorze ans lorsque les nazis ont envahi la Pologne, elle a fui en Union soviétique avec son frère et passé six années en Sibérie, affrontant la solitude, la faim, le travail forcé, mais appréciant aussi des moments de chaleur humaine et d’amitié. Dans ses mémoires, empreints de sensibilité, de tristesse, mais aussi d’humour, Ann reconstruit avec tendresse son enfance dans le Lodz d’avant-guerre et nous offre une description fascinante et complexe de sa survie en URSS. Le lecteur est touché par sa détermination et sa pudeur. Riches en détails et en observations émouvantes, ses mémoires rendent de belle manière les vicissitudes de la vie d’une jeune femme aux prises avec des événements historiques majeurs.

Préface de Naomi Azrieli

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At a Glance
Poland; Soviet Union
Escape
Soviet labour camps in Siberia
Arrived in Canada in 1953
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
French

288 pages, including index

2009 Moonbeam Children’s Book Award Gold Medal

About the author

Photo of Ann Szedlecki

Ann Szedlecki (1925–2005) was born Chana Frajlich in Lodz, Poland. After the war, she returned to Lodz to find that every member of her family had perished. In 1950, she married and immigrated to Israel and then, in 1953, to Toronto.

Souvenirs de l’abîme/Le Bonheur de l’innocence, William Tannenzapf, Renate Krakauer

William Tannenzapf est déterminé à survivre et à sauver sa femme et leur bébé des griffes des nazis. Renate, le « bébé miraculé », est née alors que le monde sombrait dans la guerre. Affamé, réduit en esclavage, il confie sa fille à une famille polonaise pour qu’elle vive dans l’« innocence de l’enfance ». Plus tard, parents et enfant sont réunis et jetés dans les tourments de la vie de réfugiés puis d’immigrés dont Renate Krakauer offre un aperçu fascinant de son point de vue d’enfant survivant. Ses descriptions sont un contrepoint émouvant aux réflexions d’adulte de son père sur les mêmes événements. Cet ouvrage offre ainsi au lecteur l’opportunité rare de lire les récits de survie de deux membres d’une même famille.

Préface de Michael Brown

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At a Glance
William Tannenzapf:
Poland
Forced labour
Hiding
Postwar Germany, displaced persons camp
Arrived in Canada in 1948
Renate Krakauer:
Poland
Hidden child
Postwar Germany, displaced persons camp
Arrived in Canada in 1948
Adjusting to life in Canada
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
French

192 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of William Tannenzapf

William Tannenzapf (1911–2011) was born in Stanisławów, Poland, and his daughter, Renate, was born in March 1941, during the Nazi occupation. The family immigrated to Canada in 1948, first settling in Montreal. William worked at Westinghouse Electric in Hamilton, where he had a successful career as an electrical engineer, inventing technologies and earning several patents.

About the author

Photo of Renate Krakauer

Renate Krakauer was born in 1941 in Stanisławów, Poland (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine). She and her family came to Canada in 1948. Renate made her home in Toronto, where she earned a masters and a doctorate and worked in various professions. She has written and published one book, as well as numerous short stories and essays. Renate Krakauer lives in Toronto.

Memories from the Abyss/But I Had A Happy Childhood, William Tannenzapf, Renate Krakauer

Strong, savvy and intelligent, William Tannenzapf never wavers in his determination to survive and save his wife and baby girl from the clutches of evil gripping his hometown of Stanisławów. Blond, blue-eyed and cherubic, Renate Krakauer was a “miracle baby” born as the world descended into war and soon surrounded by misery and death. Starving and enslaved, Tannenzapf entrusts his daughter to a Polish family so that little Renate can live in “childhood oblivion” – yet still under the eyes of her loving parents. Later reunited and thrown into the trials of refugee and immigrant life, Krakauer’s thoughtful observations provide fascinating insight into the perceptions and feelings of a child survivor and offer a poignant counterpoint to Tannenzapf’s adult reflections on the same events. This gripping volume offers the reader the rare opportunity to read survival stories from two members of the same family.

Introduction by Michael Brown

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At a Glance
William Tannenzapf:
Poland
Forced labour
Hiding
Postwar Germany, displaced persons camp
Arrived in Canada in 1948
Renate Krakauer:
Poland
Hidden child
Postwar Germany, displaced persons camp
Arrived in Canada in 1948
Adjusting to life in Canada
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
English

176 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of William Tannenzapf

William Tannenzapf (1911–2011) was born in Stanisławów, Poland, and his daughter, Renate, was born in March 1941, during the Nazi occupation. The family immigrated to Canada in 1948, first settling in Montreal. William worked at Westinghouse Electric in Hamilton, where he had a successful career as an electrical engineer, inventing technologies and earning several patents.

About the author

Photo of Renate Krakauer

Renate Krakauer was born in 1941 in Stanisławów, Poland (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine). She and her family came to Canada in 1948. Renate made her home in Toronto, where she earned a masters and a doctorate and worked in various professions. She has written and published one book, as well as numerous short stories and essays. Renate Krakauer lives in Toronto.

If Only It Were Fiction, Elsa Thon

Strong-willed and ambitious, sixteen-year-old Elsa Thon is working as a photographer’s apprentice when the Nazis occupy her town of Pruszków, Poland, in 1939. Every ounce of her will and ingenuity is called into play as she moves from ghetto to ghetto, throws in her lot with a Zionist youth group and is recruited by the Jewish underground. Despite her deep belief that destiny is determining her fate, Elsa faces every fraught situation with self-possession and maturity. A vivid and beautifully written coming-of-age story, If Only It Were Fiction is enriched by Elsa’s family tradition of storytelling and her unerring eye for detail.

Introduction by Sylvia Vance

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At a Glance
Poland
Warsaw and Krakow ghettos
Resistance
Passing/false identity
Forced labour camps
Postwar Israel; Argentina
Arrived in Toronto in 1980
Educational Materials available: The Warsaw Ghetto: From Persecution to Resistance
Recommended Ages
16+
Language
English

304 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Elsa Thon

Elsa Thon (1923–2019) was born in Pruszków, Poland. After the war, she married Mayer Thon, and they moved to Israel in 1948. In 1955, they immigrated to Argentina, where Elsa worked in a photography studio and raised a family. In 1980, Elsa and Mayer moved to Toronto to be closer to their family. Elsa’s memoir has also been published in Spanish and Polish.

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Que renaisse demain, Elsa Thon

Ambitieuse et volontaire, Elsa Thon, 16 ans, travaille comme apprentie photographe dans sa ville natale, Pruszków, en Pologne, lorsque les nazis envahissent son pays en 1939. Elle mobilisera toute son intelligence et son énergie durant les terribles années d’occupation, durant lesquelles elle ira de ghetto en ghetto, rejoindra un mouvement de jeunesse sioniste et sera recrutée par la Résistance juive. Elsa Thon affrontera les multiples dangers avec une maturité hors du commun. Récit du passage de l’enfance à l'âge adulte, Que renaisse demain s’enrichit d’un art de conter hérité de la tradition familiale.

Préface de Sylvia Vance

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At a Glance
Poland
Warsaw and Krakow ghettos
Resistance
Passing/false identity
Forced labour camps
Postwar Israel; Argentina
Arrived in Toronto in 1980
Educational materials available: Dans le ghetto de Varsovie : entre persécutions et résistance
Recommended Ages
16+
Language
French

336 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Elsa Thon

Elsa Thon (1923–2019) was born in Pruszków, Poland. After the war, she married Mayer Thon, and they moved to Israel in 1948. In 1955, they immigrated to Argentina, where Elsa worked in a photography studio and raised a family. In 1980, Elsa and Mayer moved to Toronto to be closer to their family. Elsa’s memoir has also been published in Spanish and Polish.

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From Generation to Generation, Agnes Tomasov

Hiding from the Nazis in the forests of Slovakia’s Low Tatra Mountains in the fall of 1944, in constant danger from the Germans occupying nearby villages, fourteen-year-old Agnes Grossmann and her family make the daring decision to escape high into the mountains and hike along treacherous ice-covered peaks to safety. Twenty-four years later, Agnes Tomasov – now married with two children – finds herself on the run from postwar Czechoslovakia’s Communist regime and defects to Canada with her family, carrying only what they can fit in two suitcases. Her sweeping memoir of life under two totalitarian regimes is an extraordinary and inspiring tale of courage, love and hope in the face of tragedy. Imbued with the author’s warmth, unflagging resilience and determined independence, From Generation to Generation is a true testament to the strength of the human spirit.

Introduction by Harold Troper

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At a Glance
Slovakia
Hiding
Postwar Czechoslovakia
Life under Communism
Arrived in Canada in 1968
Adjusting to life in Canada
Wife of Azrieli author Joseph Tomasov
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
English

240 pages, including index

2011 Independent Publisher Silver Medal

About the author

Photo of Agnes Tomasov

Agnes Tomasov was born in the small town of Bardejov, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia), on June 16, 1930. In 1968, following the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, she immigrated to Canada, settling in Toronto with her husband, Joseph, and their two children.

De génération en génération, Agnes Tomasov

En 1944, Agnes Grossman, adolescente tchécoslovaque, s’est réfugiée avec sa famille dans les forêts des Basses Tatras pour échapper aux nazis. Mais, devant l’avancée des Allemands, la famille tente l’impossible : fuir l’occupant en franchissant des sommets montagneux escarpés et enneigés. Plus tard, Agnes Tomasov, mariée et mère de famille, est à nouveau en fuite pour échapper au régime communiste en Tchécoslovaquie. Avec sa famille, elle trouve asile au Canada. Ses mémoires témoignent de la vie sous deux régimes totalitaires et nous interpellent par le caractère exceptionnel des situations évoquées et par le courage nécessaire pour résister à la barbarie environnante.

Préface de Harold Troper

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At a Glance
Slovakia
Hiding
Postwar Czechoslovakia
Life under Communism
Arrived in Canada in 1968
Adjusting to life in Canada
Wife of Azrieli author Joseph Tomasov
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
French

264 pages, including index

2011 Independent Publisher Silver Medal

About the author

Photo of Agnes Tomasov

Agnes Tomasov was born in the small town of Bardejov, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia), on June 16, 1930. In 1968, following the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, she immigrated to Canada, settling in Toronto with her husband, Joseph, and their two children.

From Loss to Liberation, Joseph Tomasov

In the fall of 1944, the Slovak National Uprising both endangers and saves Joseph Tomasov’s life. Joseph has been a constant target of the Nazis and their Slovak allies and joining the resistance movement is his only way out, even though life on the run is steeped in peril. In 1945, Joseph finally experiences the relief of liberation, but his safety lasts only ten years — imprisoned by the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia, he is separated from his new family and faces a potential twenty-five-year-sentence. Once he rebuilds his life, Joseph and his family face yet another threat and he must find his way to freedom. Joseph’s journey From Loss to Liberation is the harrowing story of a young man who never gives up and who, ultimately, fulfills his hopes and dreams in Canada.

Introduction by Nina Paulovicova

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At a Glance
Slovakia
Labour camp
Resistance
Slovak National Uprising
Postwar Czechoslovakia
Imprisoned by Communist regime after the war
Arrived in Canada in 1968
Husband of Azrieli author Agnes Tomasov
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
English

216 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Joseph Tomasov

Joseph Tomasov (1920–2019) was born in Trstená, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). After the war, he graduated from Prague’s Charles University with a degree in engineering. In November 1968, after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, Joseph immigrated to Canada with his wife, Agnes, and their two children.

Alone in the Storm, Leslie Vertes

In 1944, twenty-year-old Leslie Vertes escapes from a forced labour detail in Budapest and miraculously survives by assuming a false identity. About to taste freedom and security as the end of the war nears, his liberation is short-lived when he is caught by the new Soviet regime and sent for two years of back-breaking labour and captivity. While rebuilding his life and finding love, Leslie is once again threatened during the 1956 Hungarian uprising, and he must run for his life. Arriving in Canada with his family, Leslie finds hope again as he finally tastes true freedom.

Introduction by Christine Schmidt

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At a Glance
Hungary
Forced labour
Passing/false identity
Arrow Cross regime
Siege of Budapest
Postwar Soviet labour camps
Postwar Hungarian Uprising
Arrived in Canada in 1957
Adjusting to life in Canada
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
English

192 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Leslie Vertes

Leslie Vertes (1924–2022) was born in Ajak, Hungary; he immigrated to Canada with his family in 1957. In Montreal, Leslie was actively involved in Holocaust education and volunteered for numerous organizations. In 2015, he received Quebec’s YMCA Peace Medal and the Governor General’s Caring Canadian Award in recognition of his volunteerism and contributions to the community.

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Seul dans la tourmente, Leslie Vertes

En 1944, le jeune Leslie Vertes, âgé de 20 ans, s’évade d’une unité de travaux forcés à Budapest et parvient à survivre sous une fausse identité. À l’issue de la guerre, alors qu’il pensait vivre libre et sans crainte, le nouveau régime soviétique l’envoie en captivité, le condamnant à des travaux éreintants. Leslie finit par reconstruire sa vie et rencontrer l’amour, jusqu’à ce que la révolution hongroise de 1956 le contraigne à fuir son pays. C’est en arrivant au Canada avec sa famille que Leslie découvre enfin l’espoir et le vrai goût de la liberté.

Préface de Christine Schmidt

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At a Glance
Hungary
Forced labour
Passing/false identity
Arrow Cross regime
Siege of Budapest
Postwar Soviet labour camps
Postwar Hungarian Uprising
Arrived in Canada in 1957
Adjusting to life in Canada
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
French

208 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Leslie Vertes

Leslie Vertes (1924–2022) was born in Ajak, Hungary; he immigrated to Canada with his family in 1957. In Montreal, Leslie was actively involved in Holocaust education and volunteered for numerous organizations. In 2015, he received Quebec’s YMCA Peace Medal and the Governor General’s Caring Canadian Award in recognition of his volunteerism and contributions to the community.

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Knocking on Every Door, Anka Voticky

As Hitler’s army sweeps into Czechoslovakia in 1940, Anka Voticky, a twenty-five-year-old mother of two, her husband, Arnold, and her family flee halfway around the world to an unlikely refuge – the Chinese port of Shanghai. Estranged from all that is familiar, their security is threatened yet again when the Japanese occupying the city force the Jewish refugees into a ghetto. After the war, the Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia sends the Votickys on another harrowing journey out of Europe, this time to safety in Canada. Global in scope, Anka Voticky’s memoir provides a rare glimpse of the far-reaching impact of World War II. At the same time, Knocking on Every Door is an inspiring story of love, family commitment and Anka’s willingness to cross oceans in search of freedom and a better future for her children.

Introduction by Doris Bergen

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At a Glance
Czechoslovakia; China
Escape
Hongkew ghetto, Shanghai
Arrived in Canada in 1948
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
English

192 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Anka Voticky

Anka Voticky (1913–2014) was born in the small town of Brandýs nad Labem in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and moved to Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic), in 1918. In 1948 she and her family fled the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia and settled in Montreal. Anka passed away in 2014 at one hundred years old.

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Frapper à toutes les portes, Anka Voticky

Tandis que l’armée d’Hitler fond sur la Tchécoslovaquie en 1940, Anka Voticky, son mari Arnold, ses enfants et sa famille trouvent un refuge inattendu à l’autre bout du monde : Shanghai. Leurs existences sont encore une fois menacées lorsque l’occupant japonais enferme les réfugiés juifs dans un ghetto. Au lendemain de la guerre, la prise de pouvoir communiste en Tchécoslovaquie force les Voticky à un autre voyage déchirant vers un lieu sûr, le Canada. Ces mémoires nous montrent l’impact international de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ils sont aussi l’histoire d’une famille unie qui n’hésitera pas à traverser les océans pour assurer sa survie et un futur meilleur à ses enfants.

Préface de Doris Bergen

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At a Glance
Czechoslovakia; China
Escape
Hongkew ghetto, Shanghai
Arrived in Canada in 1948
Recommended Ages
14+
Language
French

224 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Anka Voticky

Anka Voticky (1913–2014) was born in the small town of Brandýs nad Labem in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and moved to Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic), in 1918. In 1948 she and her family fled the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia and settled in Montreal. Anka passed away in 2014 at one hundred years old.

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Carry the Torch/A Lasting Legacy, Sam Weisberg, Johnny Jablon

The turmoil of war and persecution pulls both Sam and Johnny to the Plaszow forced labour camp in Poland. In 1943, Johnny and Sam, only teenagers, quickly learn of the brutality of the new camp commandant, Amon Göth. By sheer luck, Sam becomes the commandant’s houseboy, a privileged, yet risky, position, and Johnny gets a job in the carpentry workshop, “useful” yet still living in constant fear. The young men both feel like they are walking a tightrope, where one wrong move can make them the target of Göth’s unpredictable volatility. Ultimately deported and on different trajectories, their experiences in Plaszow become an ever-present reminder that their fates can change in an instant. Carry the Torch and A Lasting Legacy are the different yet parallel stories of two men who, as the sole survivors of their immediate families, must find their own way after the war and decide whether to keep their histories in the past.

Introduction by Joanna Sliwa

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At a Glance
Sam Weisberg:
Poland
Plaszow forced labour camp; concentration camps
Death march
Postwar Germany, displaced persons camp
Arrived in Canada in 1959
Johnny Jablon:
Poland
Plaszow forced labour camp
Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp
Death march
Postwar Austria, displaced persons camp
War Orphans Project
Arrived in Canada in 1948
Educational materials available: Johnny Jablon Activity
Recommended Ages
16+
Language
English

256 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Sam Weisberg

Sam Weisberg (né Avraham Gajer) (1927–2019) was born in Chorzów, Poland. After liberation, Sam lived in the Bergen-Belsen displaced persons (DP) camp, where he met his wife, Rosa. They immigrated to Toronto in 1959.

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About the author

Photo of Johnny Jablon

Johnny (Ephroim) Jablon (né Jan Rothbaum) (1926–2023) was born in Krakow, Poland. After the war, Johnny lived in the Bindermichl DP camp in Austria. In 1948, as a war orphan, he immigrated to Montreal.

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Passeur de mémoire/Souvenez-vous, Sam Weisberg, Johnny Jablon

En 1943, les aléas de la guerre et les persécutions ont conduit Sam Weisberg et Johnny Jablon au camp de Plaszow, en Pologne. Tout de suite, ils se retrouvent confrontés à la cruauté de son nouveau commandant, Amon Göth. Le hasard a voulu que Sam devienne le domestique de Göth, occupant un poste privilégié mais risqué, et que Johnny soit affecté à l’atelier de menuiserie où, malgré son statut de travailleur qualifié, il vit dans la peur permanente. Sam et Johnny empruntent ensuite des trajectoires divergentes, mais le souvenir de ce qu’ils ont subi à Plaszow leur rappelle constamment que tout peut se jouer en un instant. Passeur de mémoire et Souvenez-vous livrent les parcours différents et pourtant parallèles de deux hommes qui doivent se reconstruire après la guerre, et décider s’ils veulent ou non tirer un trait sur ce qu’ils ont vécu.

Préface de Joanna Sliwa

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At a Glance
Sam Weisberg:
Poland
Plaszow forced labour camp; concentration camps
Death march
Postwar Germany, displaced persons camp
Arrived in Canada in 1959
Johnny Jablon:
Poland
Plaszow forced labour camp
Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp
Death march
Postwar Austria, displaced persons camp
War Orphans Project
Arrived in Canada in 1948
Recommended Ages
16+
Language
French

256 pages, including index

About the author

Photo of Sam Weisberg

Sam Weisberg (né Avraham Gajer) (1927–2019) was born in Chorzów, Poland. After liberation, Sam lived in the Bergen-Belsen displaced persons (DP) camp, where he met his wife, Rosa. They immigrated to Toronto in 1959.

Explore this story in Re:Collection

About the author

Photo of Johnny Jablon

Johnny (Ephroim) Jablon (né Jan Rothbaum) (1926–2023) was born in Krakow, Poland. After the war, Johnny lived in the Bindermichl DP camp in Austria. In 1948, as a war orphan, he immigrated to Montreal.

Explore this story in Re:Collection

Free Books and Educational Materials

We help teachers bring the subject of the Holocaust into their classrooms, using first-person narratives as a way for students to connect with the history of the Holocaust through survivors’ experiences. Our Holocaust survivor memoirs, educational resources and programming are free of charge and available in both French and English.