April 1933
The cover of the Reichsgesetzblatt, the Reich Law Gazette published by the Reich Ministry of the Interior, 1933. This issue contains the text of the Law against Overcrowding in Schools and Universities. Bundesarchiv.
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The new Nazi government limits the number of “non-Aryan” students allowed to attend German schools and universities. A decree is issued allowing only 1.5% of new students and no more than 5% of the total student enrolment to be “non-Aryan.”
September 1935
This chart was created to help Germans understand the Nuremberg Race Laws. It shows the three different “races” the Nazis used to categorize people: German-blooded, Jewish and Mischling (part Jewish), and their subcategories. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, gift of Virginia Ehrbar through Hillel at Kent State University.
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Nazi Germany announces two laws that lay the foundation for further anti-Jewish persecution: the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour bans relationships and marriages between “Aryans” and “non-Aryans,” and the Reich Citizenship Law strips Jews of their citizenship.
1935
This notice from Przemyśl, Poland, reads: “Aryans have priority over Jews.” Yad Vashem Photo Archives, Jerusalem. 77BO1.
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A Polish university introduces a policy requiring Jews to sit separately from other students. In 1937, Polish universities are officially allowed to institute policies of segregation, and most universities force Jews to sit separately from Polish students in segregated areas that became known as “ghetto benches.”
1938–1939
Hungary passes laws based on Germany’s Nuremberg Race Laws. The First Jewish Law (passed in May 1938) and the Second Jewish Law (passed in May 1939) restrict the rights of Jews in business and in certain professions. Jews are no longer allowed to teach in public secondary schools.
November 1938
This letter from the British Embassy in Berlin to the British Foreign Office, dated November 15, 1938, communicates the latest announcement from the German Minister of Education: no more Jewish students will be allowed in German schools. The National Archives (UK).
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Jews are expelled from public schools and universities in Germany.
October 1940
The Romanian government expels Jews from public schools and universities. Jewish teachers and professors are no longer allowed to teach.
1940–1941
One of a series of cartoons from a French-language anti-Jewish pamphlet published in Paris. The text reads: “Statute on Jews. The new laws which put the Jews out of the national community....” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of F. Ajzenfusz.
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The French government passes two laws (October 1940 and June 1941) banning Jews throughout the occupied and free zones of France from practising in a number of professions, including teaching.
December 1941
Nazi law prohibits Jewish children in occupied Belgium from attending public school.